1. PROPOSITION AND STATEMENT (Lecture 5)
proposisi adalah hanya bisa bermanfaat jika ada hubungan, hubungan banyak tipenya
Instructor
M. Saleh S.Ali, Ph.D
(Professor)
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

2. MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007
Proposition
A proposition is a statement about variables.
1. Univariate Proposition
2. Bivariate Proposition
3. Multivariate Proposition
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

3. Univariate Proposition
A univariate proposition is a statement about one variable at a time.
Exp. "Most foreign students drink beer at least once a week."
Variable: Frequency of beer drinking.
Unit of Analysis: Individual, Unhas students.
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

4. Bivariate Proposition
A bivariate proposition is a statement about the relation between two variables.
Exp. "Males drink beer more often than females."
Variables: 1) sex, 2) frequency of beer drinking.
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

5. Multivariate Proposition
A multivariate proposition states a complex relation among three or more variables.
Exp. "Among non-depressed students, males drink beer more often than females, but among clinically depressed students, males and females drink beer equally often."
Variables: 1)sex, 2) frequency of beer drinking, 3) whether clinically depressed or not.
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

6. Structure of Scientific Proposition
Concepts : Dependent and independent variables.
Relation among variables
Informative values of the Proposition.
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

7. MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007
A Theory is developed by arranging propositions into a meaningful order so that construct a system of propositions.
The propositions that do not well organized or do not construct a theory, they are only a collection of proposition
Constructing a theory has to be based on a strong theoretical foundation.
A simple theory has at least two proposition. The more proposition used the more complex of a theory.
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

8. MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007
Propositions:
a. K1  K2
b. K3  K4
Proposition (a) and (b) did not developed a theory because they can not connected. They are only a collecting of proposition.
Propositions.
a. K1  K2
b. K1  K3
c. K3  K4
Propositions of (a), (b), and (c) can be arranged into a system of proposition
K1 K2 K4 K3
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

9. Types of Relationships
A relationship refers to the correspondence between two variables.
Relationship:
Correlational relationship
simply says that two things perform in synchronized manner. Exp. DM – Hypertension
Causal relationship
says that occurrence of a things proceeded by other things occurrence. Exp. Stress leads to cardiovascular
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

10. Pattern of Relationships
No relationship
If the values of one variable did not match with the values of other variable. Exp. Relation between the length of the lifeline on hand and grade point average (GPA)
Positive relationship
The high (low) values on one variable are associated with high (low) values of other variable. Exp. Salary and Education
Negative relationship (Inverse relationship)
The high values on one variable are associated with low values of other variable. Paranoia and Self esteem
Curvilinear relationship
The values of a variable that have negative values but to some point begins to increase again. Exp. Dosage level and severity of illness.
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

11. MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007
No Relationship
Lifeline
GPA
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MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

12. Positive Relationship+
Salary - - +
Years of education
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MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

13. Negative Relationship+
Paranoid - -
Self esteem +
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MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

14. Curvilinear Relationship+
Prod +
Severity of illness - - + - + -
Fertilizer
Dosage level
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

15. MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007
Power of Relationship
The power of relationship is indicated by a Coefficient of Correlation (value : 0 – 1)
Value of coef. correlation
= no correlation
0.21 – 0.40 = weak correlation
= moderate correlation
= strong correlation
= very strong correlation
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

16. Nature of Relationship
Reversible and irreversible
REVERSIBLE: if X then Y; and if Y then X
X  Y; Y  X
Contoh: Jika laki-laki  penis
Jika punya penis  laki-laki
IRREVERSIBLE: if X then Y; but if Y then ?
X  Y; Y  ?
Contoh : Jika coklat dipangkas  produksi naik
Jika prod naik  blm tentu krn pemakasan
2. Deterministic and stochastic
DETERMINISTIC: If X, then always Y
X –always Y
Contoh: Jika kualitas air jelek SELALU produksi turun
STOCHASTIC: if X, then probably Y
X –probably  Y
Contoh : Jika demam KEMUNGKINAN influenza
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

17. Nature of Relationship
3. Sufficient and Contingent
Sufficient : if X, then Y no other condition
X –no other condition Y
Contoh: Jika pembuluh darah di daerah jantung tersumbat  serangan jantung
Contingent : if X, then Y but only if Z
X –only if Z  Y
Contoh: jika temperatur naik, tekanan akan naik jika volume gas konstan.
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

18. MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007
Statement
Statement is used to describe or explain the “real world”
Types of Statement:
Existence Statements
Relational Statements
Logical Statements= a priori true or false, based on logical analysis.
Empirical= statements whose truth is tested a posteriori—i.e., by observations of the “real world.”
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

19. MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007
Existence Statements
Existence statements is a statement that describe the state of existence of a subject or phenomena.
Exp. “that object is a chair”
“that chair is brown”
“Mrs Dewi has white skin color”
“blood is red”
“that person has a high SQ test score”
Existence statements consist of a concept, identified by a term, is applied to an object or phenomena.
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

20. MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007
Existence Statements
Existence statements can be more complex and still retain their basic form
Exp.
If (a) there are two or more individuals in group X,
(b) each individual can talk to every other
individual on a personal basis in group X, and
(c) each individual can form a distinct personal
impression of every other individual in group X,
Then the group is a small face-to face group.
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

21. Relational Statements
Relational statements is a statement that describe a relationship between concepts
Exp. If a person has high cognitive representation score then his/her blood pressure increase.
The heart of scientific knowledge is expressed in relational statements
Relational statements can be categorized into:
Associational statement
Causal statement
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

22. MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007
Logical Statements
A logical statement is one whose truth is tested by logical analysis. A logical statement is a priori true or a priori false.
For example, “ bachelors are unmarried”
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007

23. MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007
Empirical Statements
Empirical statements are statements whose truth is tested a posteriori.
They are statements about the “real world,” about observations we have made or can make.
For example, “Some bachelors are taller than 6 feet.”
This statement is a posteriori true, because we have measured the heights of human males who were never married and found some who were this tall.
11/30/2017
MK. Konstruksi Teori Sm Ganjil 2006/2007