1. Open innovation within geographical and institutional settings
Supporting Innovation Education Reloaded: Nurturing Skills for the Future. The Open Innovation Teaching Handbook
teaching slides proposed by Marcin Baron

2. Learning Objectives Knowledge Skills Competence
72: To apply theories of national and regional innovation systems.
99: To understand networks and collaboration networks.
Skills
90: To understand the dynamics between innovation and the contextual environment.
68: To analyze and evaluate the interaction between the main players in the OI system.
119: To recognize and assess the interdependencies in the system of innovation (ecosystem) across organizations.
Competence

3. Lecture Content OI related to territory
Territorial concepts that involve OI patterns / mechanisms
From business to policy
Workshop

4. The roots
Territorial understanding of innovation is usually traced back in time to the concept of industrial districts by Alfred Marshall (19th/20th Century), who discussed the concentration of specialized industries in particular localities and stressed not only the pure business relationships but also the atmosphere of the location.
This notion gave origin to two key approaches well established in theory and further in policy making since the 80s / 90s of the 20th Century: innovation milieux and clusters.

5. Basics of territorial understanding of innovation
Pre-conditions for the definition of different local systems:
Capello R. (1999). Spatial Transfer of Knowledge in High Technology Milieux: Learning Versus Collective Learning Processes. Regional Studies, Vol. 33, 4,

6. Basics of territorial understanding of innovation
The paradigm of innovative milieus and development: territorialized economy:
Crevoisier, O. (2004). The Innovative Milieus Approach: Toward a Territorialized Understanding of the Economy? Economic Geography, 80(4),

7. Basics of territorial understanding of innovation
Sources of locational competitive advantage:
Porter M. (2000). Location, Clusters, and Company Strategy. In G. Clark, M. Feldman & M. Gertler (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

8. Open innovation and territorial innovation
Territorialised innovation
Scientific background
Management, innovation management
Economics, regional science
Orientation
Business model perspective
Knowledge landscape
Effectiveness and profitability
Territorial perspective
Knowledge spillovers
Competitiveness and reduction of transaction costs
Objective
Benefiting of opening the innovation funnel and/or of participating in business ecosystems
Benefiting of pool of tangible and intangible resources and ties available in geographical proximity
Notions
Open innovation 2.0
Open business model
Innovation ecosystem
Industrial districts
Innovation milieu
Clusters
Regional innovation systems
Regional smart specialisations
Regional innovation-oriented ecosystems
Open innovation and territorial innovation – key characteristics: Baron, M. (2016). Open Innovation and Territory. In A-L Mention & M. Torkkeli (Eds.), Open Innovation. A Multifaceted Perspective, (chapter 10). New Jersey: World Scientific.

9. Definitions
Innovation milieu: collective of actors sharing common organizational, technological and territorial characteristics – paradigms (Crevoisier, 2004).
Cluster: geographic concentration of companies and institutions, mainly in RTD, which are inter-connected and work in a common industry; they draw upon a shared pool of talents and skilled, specialized labor as well as utilize specialized infrastructure, services and providers in proximity (Porter, 1998).

10. Definitions
Regional innovation systems: innovative companies and their surroundings: partners, competitors, customers, the available human capital, the regional knowledge infrastructure, institutions, regulation and legislation, untraded interdependencies, other factors that influence innovation directly or indirectly as well as external links into the national and global economy (Martin, 2003).

11. Definitions
Triple helix: triadic university-industry-government relationships in the knowledge society (Ranga and Etzkowitz, 2013).
Quadruple helix: triple helix + media-based and culture- based public and civil society (Carayannis et al., 2012).
And the quintuple helix: quadruple helix + natural environments of society (Carayannis et al., 2012).

12. Policy implications
Territorial understanding of innovation was attractive enough to make it the policy concept, starting with regional innovation systems.
The concept of RIS evolved into regional smart specializations which are expected to be place-based innovation policies expressed in dedicated, integrated, economic transformation agendas.

13. Policy implications Smart specializations:
focus policy support and investments on key territorial priorities, challenges and needs for knowledge-based development, including ICT- related measures;
build on each territory’s strengths, competitive advantages and potential for excellence;
support technological as well as practice-based innovation and aim to stimulate private sector investment;
get stakeholders fully involved and encourage innovation and experimentation;
are evidence-based and include sound monitoring and evaluation systems (Foray et al., 2012).

14. Bridging OI, helix approaches and policy
The open innovation 2.0 paradigm is an innovation model based on extensive networking and co-creative collaboration between all actors in society, spanning organizational boundaries well beyond normal licensing and collaboration schemes.
and
With OI2 sharing and the co-generation of innovation options will enable a significant competitive advantage and will help achieve broader scale innovation benefits for larger numbers of stakeholders (Curley and Salmelin, 2013).

15. Discussion Can you identify our regional (open) innovation system?
What are its core institutions, processes, best practices?
Can you identify its competitive advantages in national and international dimensions?
Please reflect upon its past, present and future.

16. Task 1
In small groups:
scrutinize one of the practical examples of OI- related territorialy-bound initiatives presented in the EURIS study: programme.eu/docs/euris_guide;
provide a peer review.

17. Task 2
In small groups:
select a city / region and identify main stakeholders of its innovation system;
list the proposed objectives of the pro-innovative initiatives;
prepare narration about history and ambitions for the future;
propose OI-based techniques to be applied, assess potential impact.

18. Take-aways
OI and territorial innovation can be studied jointly. Even though they emerge from different research backgrounds.
Keywords to be remembered are at least: innovation milieu, clusters, regional innovation systems, smart specializations and also triple or quadruple helix.
The nearby located entities are expected to have better conditions for cooperation and enjoy minimised transaction cost, also due to higher level of trust and industry-related (especially knowledge-based) pools of resources. All these factors can be considered territorial antecedents of OI.
OI practices easily fit in the concepts of territorial policies like strategies concerning: regional innovation systems, smart specializations or open innovation 2.0.

19. References
Amison, P. & Bailey, D. (2014). Phoenix industries and open innovation? The Midlands advanced automotive manufacturing and engineering industry. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, June.
Baron, M. (2016). Open Innovation and Territory. In A-L Mention & M. Torkkeli (Eds.), Open Innovation. A Multifaceted Perspective, (chapter 10). New Jersey: World Scientific.
Belussi, F., & Caldari, K. (2009). At the origin of the industrial district: Alfred Marshall and the Cambridge school. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33,
Belussi, F., Sammarra, A. & Sedita, S.R. (2010). Learning at the boundaries in an “Open Regional Innovation System”: A focus on firms’ innovation strategies in the Emilia Romagna life science industry. Research Policy, Volume 39, Issue 6, July, pp
Brunswicker, S., & van de Vrande, V. (2014). Exploring Open Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. In H. Chesbrough, W. Vanhaverbeke, J. West, J (Eds.), New Frontiers in Open Innovation (chapter 7). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brusco, S. (1992). Small firms and the provision of real services. In F. Pyke, W. Sengenberger (Eds.), Industrial districts and local economic regeneration, International Institute for Labour Studies, Geneva.
Camagni, R. (1991). Introduction: from the local ‘milieu’ to innovation through cooperation networks. In R. Camagni (Ed.) Innovation Networks: Spatial Perspectives, London: Belhaven Press.
Capello R. (1999). Spatial Transfer of Knowledge in High Technology Milieux: Learning Versus Collective Learning Processes. Regional Studies, Vol. 33, 4,
Capello, R. & Lenzi, C. (Eds.) (2013). Territorial Patterns of Innovation, London and New York: Routledge.
Carayannis, E.G., Barth, T.D. & Campbell, D.F.J. (2012). The Quintuple Helix innovation model: global warming as a challenge and driver for innovation. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, DOI: /
Crevoisier, O. (2004). The Innovative Milieus Approach: Toward a Territorialized Understanding of the Economy? Economic Geography, 80(4),
Curley, M. & Salmelin B. (2013). Open Innovation 2.O: A New Paradigm. White Paper.
Foray, D., Goddard, J., Goenaga Beldarrain, X., Landabaso, M., McCann, P., Morgan, K., Nauwelaers, C. & Ortega-Argilés, R. (2012). Guide to Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS 3). European Union, Smart Specialisation Platform.
Martin, R.L. (2003). A Study on the Factors of Regional Competitiveness. Report for The European Commission Directorate-General Regional Policy, Cambridge Econometrics.
Porter, M. (1998). Clusters and the New Economics of Competition. Harvard Business Review, 76 (November-December), pp
Porter M. (2000). Location, Clusters, and Company Strategy. In G. Clark, M. Feldman & M. Gertler (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ranga, M. & Etzkowitz, H. (2013). Triple Helix Systems: An Analytical Framework for Innovation Policy and Practice in the Knowledge Society. Industry and Higher Education, 27 (4).

20. Thank you!
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Innovation Education Reloaded: Nurturing Skills for the Future. The Open Innovation Teaching Handbook
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