1. The Movement for Democracy
LESSON 2
The Movement for Democracy

2. Separate Worlds

4. Separate Worlds
Plessy v. Ferguson … “separate but equal” ruling allowed for growth of Jim Crow laws throughout the South.
These laws continued to oppress African Americans, politically and economically, despite the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
Segregation existed in neighborhoods, schools, hospitals, public restrooms, movie theatres, and other public places.
Why did black Americans increase their efforts for racial justice and equality after the war?

5. The Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
African American Veterans began the movement for civil rights.
After WWII, the NAACP and the Congress for Racial Equality began a major push for social change.
The experiences of African Americans serving in the military forces during WWII influenced the postwar goal of increasing efforts to end racial discrimination.
The Double V Campaign – Double Victory; victory abroad (end communism/fascism), victory at home (end racism)
Why did black Americans increase their efforts for racial justice and equality after the war?

6. The Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
African Americans begin taking their issues to court.
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was a civil rights group that took cases to court to secure rights for African Americans.
They would provide African Americans with lawyers and legal advise, often for free or for very low rates.
Why did black Americans increase their efforts for racial justice and equality after the war?

7. The Civil Rights Movement
Briggs v. Elliot
Started in Clarendon County when black citizens petitioned school board to provide school buses and gas for black school children at Scotts Branch Elementary. The petition was shot down.
NAACP challenged school board in a case that landed in the US Supreme Court.
The case became part of the Court’s landmark Brown v. Board of Education

8. Brown v. Board of Education
The Civil Rights Movement
Brown v. Board of Education
The decision made in this case overturned the “separate but equal” doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson.
It ordered integration in public schools, saying separate was inherently not equal.
It declared that segregation in public schools violated the 14th amendment.
SC fought this decision and refused to integrate by creating numerous private “white flight” schools.

9. The Civil Rights Movement
Impact on Education
During the 1950’s and 1960’s, SC’s government was very slow to integrate.
When schools tried to integrate, it often ended in violence.
The military had to be called in and soldiers were stationed at SC State College’s campus to keep the peace.
In the mid-1960’s, the government stepped in to inforce a slow, but peaceful integration of public schools because the violence and bad publicity was hurting efforts to recruit business to the state.

10. The Civil Rights Movement
Elmore v. Rice
African Americans were not allowed to vote in primary elections in some states.
Primaries are the elections that narrow down candidates and determine which candidates will be on the final ballot.
Why might African Americans be upset about not being allowed to vote in the primaries?
This case declared all white primaries unconstitutional.

11. The Civil Rights Movement
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
A landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, or national origin.
Signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson, with the encouragement of Martin Luther King Jr.

13. The Civil Rights Movement
Martin Luther King Jr.
Major leader in the Civil Rights Movement
Believed non-violent civil disobedience was the most effective way to achieve African American civil rights.

14. The Civil Rights Movement
The Sit-In Movement
In 1960, four college students sat at a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, NC to protest against segregation.
The movement spread throughout South Carolina.
Many students were arrested, gassed and hosed during sit-ins.

15. The Civil Rights Movement
The Friendship Nine
Nine students from Friendship College were arrested for organizing a sit-in at McCrory’s Variety Store in Rock Hill.
“Jail, no bail” tactic brought attention to their cause.
This strategy was successful because it strained the jail system and local law enforcement.
SC slowly began to undo the Jim Crow system.

17. The Civil Rights Movement
Septima Clark
Another important civil rights leader.
From SC.
Founded citizenship schools to improve literacy among African American Communities.
Sought equal pay for African American and white teachers.
Increased voter registration and served in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).

18. The Civil Rights Movement
Matthew J. Perry
Another important civil rights leader.
From SC.
First African American lawyer from SC.
Defended the right of an African American student to attend Clemson University.
SC’s first African American Federal judge.

19. The Civil Rights Movement
Modjeska Simkins
Another important civil rights leader.
From SC.
Wrote the legal declaration for the Briggs case.
Worked to outlaw the white primary (Elmore v. Rice).
Teacher and public health worker.

20. The Orangeburg Massacre
The Black Power Movement
The Orangeburg Massacre
Fears of violence turned a peaceful protest at a segregated bowling alley into a bloody confrontation.
The college students were there simply to have the local bowling alley integrated.
The confrontation left 30 black college students shot and three dead.
It did not receive more attention from the national press as the assassination of MLK took the press’ attention.