1. Religion in the American Colonies
Mr. Marston
Dominion Christian High School
Marietta, GA
U.S. History

2. Toleration of other Religions??
Each colony was established with a religion
VA: Anglican
Massachusetts: Calvinist/Puritan
Pennsylvania: Quakers
Maryland: Catholics
Religious toleration was forced to occur due to the many different denominations being practiced in the New World
New York: had different forms of Christianity on every street corner.

3. As time went by, religious piety waned
1699: the Brattle Street Church in Boston observed a religion that was non-doctrinaire, moral rather than pious, and viewed by Puritans as secular Virginia: After initial colony survived, the insistence upon regular Sunday church attendance was eliminated. People might attend church once per month. 1752: Philadelphia: 12 churches, but 14 rum distilleries Cotton Mather (1702) He could see the capitalist spirit was flourishing in the streets. Conformist preachers pushed their congregations to amass more wealth as an outward symbol of grace. In Virginia, Anglican priests were paid for by their congregations. They were afraid of preaching things that might upset their listeners. There was little that was said about sin and repentance, or living a Godly life. Materialism in New England took over (love of possessions and wealth)

4. England
Henry VIII sought divorce from the Pope (previous divorces had been granted to secular rulers)
Pope was caught in a difficult position because Catherine of Aragon was related to Charles V, (Catherine’s nephew) King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor.
Henry VIII: remained a doctrinal Catholic: Only wanted to break with the pope for political reasons

5. Anglican Church (Church of England)
Edward VI: advisors tried to push through Anglican (Church of England) reforms
Queen Mary: (Bloody Mary) tried to reinstate Roman Catholicism, but failed
Queen Elizabeth: (Henry VIII’s daughter) devised the Elizabethan Settlement, a compromise (via media) that blended a Protestant church with Roman Catholic trappings (vestments, incense, holy water, music, liturgy, etc)
Via media: The middle way
Anglican Church: Book of Common Prayer and the 39 articles put together by Sir Thomas Cranmer

6. Results of Elizabethan Settlement: no one was happy, but it kept the Church of England together
Puritans: wanted to eliminate Roman Catholic trappings
Low Church Anglicans: Agreed with Puritans doctrinally, but saw no problem with keeping ceremonies and structure of Roman Catholic Church
High Church Anglicans: Almost Catholic. Believed church hierarchical structure was divinely ordained.
Separatists: must separate from Church

7. Anglicanism
Virginia in 1607 in Jamestown: a strong religious force in America after Puritanism
Early settlers not interested in creating a holy commonwealth like the Puritans
Evangelism efforts:
SPCK: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge. Provided Christian literature for missionary work and helped establish 40 libraries in the colonies.
SPG: Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts: focused on securing ministers for the colonies.
Became established church in VA, MD, (after 1689), Carolinas, Georgia, and parts of NY and NJ.

8. Problems with Anglicanism
Shortage of priests (1700) in VA for 60,000 people there were only 22 priests.
Some were not qualified academically or spiritually (received appointments based on friendships or favors)

9. Puritans Justification by faith alone Sola scriptura
Covenant: agreements that establish the relationship between God and Man.
For example, “covenant of grace”: salvation granted by God in exchange of one obeying and following God.
“A City upon a Hill”
Church melded with the state

10. Church government Anglican: Episcopal: (Hierarchical) Top Down
Monarch-archbishop-bishop-priest-deacon
Presbyterian: rule by elected officials. Laity (members of congregation) elect their officials (bottom-up)
Puritans: Congregationalist: each congregation or church elected its own officers and remained independent from other churches?
Advantages? Disadvantages?

11. Puritan new members
As witnessed by church leaders, new members were admitted upon their profession of salvation through faith in Christ.
Children of converted members were baptized as infants (could not become full members and take communion until they too, professed salvation through faith)
Over time, fewer and fewer New Englanders professed their salvation through faith: led to decline in church membership.
Did not want to leave the church because privileges of membership (elected officials had to be church members, standing in community, right to vote in colonial elections)

12. Half-way Covenant
Church members who had not made the profession of faith, but whose lives were outwardly moral, could present their children for baptism.
Covenant allowed unconverted members to enjoy the full privileges of citizenship. (voting)
Could not become full members (take communion) until they professed a personal faith in Christ.
Increased the number of members who did not profess a personal faith. This was a serious compromise of the original Puritans

13. Baptists Roger Williams in Rhode Island
Suffered persecution from colonial authorities in Massachusetts and Virginia
Doctrine of Baptism
Practiced congregational polity
Only spiritually reborn should be church members
Only professing believers should be baptized (Full immersion)

14. Quakers: Shake, Rattle, and Roll: George Fox

15. Get your quake on!
Inner Light: an illumination from God found in ever man.
Means what?
Holy Spirit?
2. Spark of Divinity?
3. Christ working inside you?
4. New age??
Man is saved through obeying its leading, rather through the atonement of Christ (heresy??)

16. Quakers Opposed participating in war Opposed taking oaths
Opposed holding political office
Worship was plain (sat in silence until someone felt the urge or the calling to give a word or testimony)
Did not have regular ministers
Did not practice Church sacraments (Baptism or Holy Eucharist

17. Quaker Book of Discipline
Book of guidelines covering every aspect of Quaker life.
Its purpose was to establish "Decency and comely Order in all our Meetings of Worship, & Plainness in the particular Members of our Society.“

18. Quaker meeting

19. Revolutionary and definitely Gender Equitable
equality for women
Women were allowed to speak in Meetings for Worship and to preach the Gospel.

20. 3 types of Quakers
1. Inner Light supporters: rejected the Bible and claimed direct communications from God
2. Moralists: emphasized the performance of good works alone as the essence of being a Quaker
3. those who believed atonement only through Christ and the authority of the Bible

21. Jews in America: early synagogue in Newport, RI (Only surviving one from colonial period)

22. Jews in America Jews came to New Amsterdam in 1654.
Religious services took place in the city the following year.
By 1658 Jews had arrived in Newport, Rhode Island, also seeking religious liberty.
Many settled in seaport towns in English colonies.

23. Presbyterians
Followers of John Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland: similar to Puritans
Organized along the Presbyterian polity: bottom up
Emphasized the authority and sovereignty of God
necessity of grace through faith in Jesus Christ.

24. Francis Makemie Father of Presbyterianism
Was arrested for preaching without a license in New York: jailed for six weeks
Considered to be a landmark case for religious freedom in America
Said that the Act of Toleration (1689) in England applied to the colonies: This would guarantee freedom of worship in America.

25. Francis Makemie

26. Lutheranism Based on the teachings of Martin Luther
Justification by grace alone through faith
Sola scriptura
The Book of Concord or Concordia (1580) is the historic doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten creedal documents recognized as authoritative.

27. Henry Muhlenberg: Father of American Lutheranism

28. Muhlenberg German pastor was sent as a missionary to America
He ministered to the German language populations he was assigned to, but also to Dutch and English settlers in their language as well.
Muhlenberg was asked to resolve disputes between Lutherans and other religious groups because he was multi-lingual.

29. Lutherans
Lutherans populated New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and North Carolina

30. Other European Denominations
Dutch Reformed: Calvinists. “State church” of the Netherlands. Not many Dutch reformed because of the religious toleration found in the Netherlands
French Reformed: Huguenots. Religiously persecuted under Louis XIV after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (This gave freedom of religion to the Huguenots)
German Reformed: Southern Germany. Calvinist and unadorned, plain liturgy. (Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina)

31. Anabaptist Groups (Mennonites, Amish, and the Hutterites)
Rejected church tradition such as wearing wedding rings, taking oaths, and participating in state-government.
Believed in credobaptism (Believers baptism): baptized upon the profession of faith: no infant baptism. Usually by immersion.
Bible as the sole rule of faith and practice
Freedom of Religion
Pacifism
Priesthood of all believers

32. Menno Simons

33. Mennonites
Menno Simons: Catholic priest in the Netherlands questioned infant baptism and transsubstantiation.
He would have a price on his head for the remainder of his life.
Many joined the Calvinists in Switzerland.
Those who stayed outside the state church, but wanted to keep in communion remained Mennonites. Those who wanted to sever ties with the state church became Amish.

34. Jakob Amman

35. Amish
Amish believed those who left the church should be shunned (Meidung)
known for their simple living, plain dress, and resistance to the adoption of many modern conveniences.
Speak Pennsylvania Dutch
Live in Pennsylvania

36. “Amish Airlines”

37. “Modern Amish”

38. Amish Cartoons

39. Jakob Hutter and the Hutterites
Community of goods (community property owned in common and managed by trustees for the group)
Absolute pacifism

40. Pietists Religious movement within Lutheranism
Took place between 17th and 18th century
Wanted to restore “life in the church”
study of the Bible in private meetings
Priesthood of all believers
Christianity must be practiced
Treatment those who do not believe with compassion and sympathy
Theological university training should emphasis a devotional life
A preaching style that will influence the soul, not just “sweet” sermons that do not move the soul.

41. Philipp Jakob Spener: Father of Pietism

42. John Hus: Moravians. Most important Pietist group

43. Hus Bohemia (modern day Czech Republic)
Wanted to reform Roman Catholic Church
Doctrine of Justification by Faith Alone
Married Priests
Mass in the vernacular
No indulgences
No purgatory
Burned at the Stake for his beliefs

44. Moravians Found in North Carolina and Pennsylvania
Evangelism was a primary concern of the Moravians

45. Roman Catholics Maryland
Seen as persecutors because of happenings in Europe
Catholics could be subject to prejudice for their “mysterious” beliefs.
Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania

46. Early Colonial Churches

47. Churches Built near the center of town to indicate their importance
Used for public meeting places
Plain interior
Hierarchy among pew sitters: (people paid for them) more affluent sat in front
Balcony: servants, slaves, and free blacks

48. Video on Colonial Churches

49. Early Colonial Church

50. Pews Pews were sold to families Wealthier sat in front of church
Anglican churches had doors on pews that would lock. No one could sit in “family pews.”
½ empty church and people were left to stand because no one could sit in family pew

51. St. George’s Church in Fredricksburg, VA

52. Church Services Drum, later a bell, would summon people to worship
Morning and evening service
No Sunday School
Children attended catechism: (instruction about faith in question and answer format)
Episcopal Book of Common Prayer
Presbyterian Westminster Confession of Faith
Lutheran Concordance

53. Catechism

54. Outline of Service Long prayer and reading of scripture
Singing (Psalm 100: Doxology) “Old Hundreth”
Puritans published book of hymns called the Bay Psalm Book (1640 first book written and printed in English colonies)
No instruments: later organ came into use
Sermon was centerpiece of church service.

55. Singing Gloria Patria: Catholics
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. As it was in the beginning, and now, and always, to the ages of ages. Amen.
Doxology
Praise God, from Whom all blessings flow; Praise Him, all creatures here below; Praise Him above, ye Heavenly Host; Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Amen.
(Gloria Patria)

56. Missionizing to the Indians
Converting Native American to the gospel was a goal of the colonists from the beginning
Isolated Efforts
Roger Williams: Rhode Island. One of the first white men to preach to the Indians.
Believed Indians should be treated with dignity and respect. Fairly compensated them for their lans.
John Campanius: Swedish Lutheran: worked among the Delaware Indians

57. John Eliot preaching to the Algonquin Indians

58. Eliot’s success Eliot learned Algonquin and began to preach to them
Translated bible into the Algonquian tongue (4,000 Indians were said to have been converted) “Praying Indians”
Ministry came to an end during the (King Philip’s War) war with the Indians ( )
The converted Algonquins sided with the English
Eliot established Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England: the main Congregationalist agency for conducting Indian mission work

59. Eliot’s Praying Indians

60. David Brianerd
His Journal influenced others to missionize to the Indians

61. Brainerd: Was expelled from Yale for disrespect to a teacher
Brainerd: Was expelled from Yale for disrespect to a teacher. Had a building named after him. Only Yale expelled student to ever have building named after him.

62. Eleazer Wheelock Trained Indians as missionaries in his school
School became Dartmouth College

63. David Zeisberger
Moravian Efforts were successful in the middle and southern colonies
Inspired Indian converts to teach their own people
Led the most successful mission in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania called Gnadenhutten (sheltered by grace)

64. David Zeisberger

65. The Great Awakening Series of revivals in the 1740’s
Scholarly dispute when period actually was
Took place between 1730’s and 1740’s
Why?
Religious piety was waning
Began to question hierarchical authority
Need for religious upsurge

66. Why was the Great Awakening, well great?
It happened throughout the colonies
All social classes were impacted
Lasted several decades
Conversions numbered in the thousands
Changed religious life in the colonies
Evangelism gained a new importance

67. Theodore Frelinghuysen
Dutch Reformed Calvinist
Preached practical Christian living
Emphasized personal conversion
Began series of revivals in the 1720’s

68. Theodore Frelinghuysen

69. Gilbert Tennent
Preached the need for personal conversion and holy living
Did not prepare his remarks. Expected the Holy Spirit to fill his mouth with the right words

70. Gilbert Tennent

71. Great Awakening: Main Movers
Jonathan Edwards: Theologian
George Whitefield: preacher

72. Jonathan Edwards
Minister of NorthHampton, Massachusetts Congregationalist Church
All around him, he saw evidence of God in the natural world.
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
God should send us sinners to hell because we are deserved of it, but only by his grace are we not sent
Most important voice in 18th century English Calvinism

73. Edwards
Believed in predestination
Justification by faith

74. Jonathan Edwards

75. George Whitefield Started off as an Anglican minister
Made 7 different trips to the colonies between 1738 and 1770
First revival preacher
Used commercial newspapers and word of mouth to promote his sermon tours
Most widely known person in the colonies before the Revolution

76. Whitefield continued Cross-eyed.
First person to take religion out of church to the outside (Church was too stuffy and couldn’t hold the crowds) Boston Common
Had collapsible pulpit that he carried with him
Booming, powerful voice
Memorized his sermons
Made physical gestures

77. Whitefield continued
Gravesite in Massachusetts became a pilgrimage site for Protestants

78. George Whitefield

79. Old vs. New Lights (Presbyterianism)
Old Lights: concerned about doctrines
Churches should fulfill social disciplinary function. Didn’t want change
Believed in the existing hierarchy
New Lights: against hierarchy and authority
Emotive form of worship
Great Awakening was appealing to them

80. Samuel Davies Preached in the South into Virginia
Persuaded authorities to permit more religious liberty for non-Anglicans
Promoted education by supporting the founding of the future Washington and Lee in Lexington, VA and by serving as the president to the College of New Jersey (Princeton)

81. Shubal Stearns Converted by George Whitefield
Preached in North Carolina
Saw the establishment of Baptists in the South

82. Results of the Great Awakening
Church growth (Presbyterians and Baptists)
Number of religious colleges increased
Religious and spiritual life of the churches was transformed (personal regeneration for membership)
Promoted unity and division among churches
First true national movement in American History: rights of free speech and assembly
Questioned authority that was a precursor to the American Revolution