1. 11
The Urinary System

2. Multimedia Directory Slide 10 Urinary System Animation
Slide 44 Kidney Stone Video
Slide 51 Renal Failure Video
Slide 85 Urinalysis Video

3. Learning Objectives
Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the urinary system.
Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the urinary system.
continued on next slide

4. Learning Objectives
Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the urinary system.
Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the urinary system.

5. Word Parts albumin/o blast/o glomerul/o gluc/o glyc/o, glycos/o meat/o
nephr/o
albumin/o = albumin (a protein)
blast/o = germ, bud, developing cell
glomerul/o = little ball; glomerulus
gluc/o, glyc/o, glycos/o = sweet, sugar
meat/o = opening, passage
nephr/o = kidney
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6. Word Parts pyel/o ren/o ureter/o urethr/o ur/o, urin/o
pyel/o = renal pelvis
ren/o = kidney
ureter/o = ureter
urethr/o = urethra
ur/o, urin/o = urine

7. Anatomy and Physiology
Functions as the sanitation engineer of the body
Removes unwanted waste materials and recycles other materials
Contains the kidneys, which filter gallons of fluids from the bloodstream every day

8. Anatomy and Physiology
Removes metabolic wastes, toxins, excess ions, and water that leave the body as urine
Regulates blood pressure, pH within body fluids, water and salt concentrations, and red blood cell production

9. Figure 11. 1 Organs of the urinary system
Figure Organs of the urinary system. This illustration is an anterior view of a female with the abdominal wall and digestive organs removed.

10. Urinary System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the urinary system. The animation may take a moment before playing.
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11. Figure 11.2 The kidney. This illustration of a sectioned kidney reveals its internal features.

12. Figure 11.3 The nephron. The nephron is the basic subunit of each kidney.

13. Pathophysiology
Bacteria and viruses are sometimes able to gain entry into the internal organs from the meatus.
They are capable of spreading through the urinary tract, bringing disease to the kidneys and beyond.

14. Pathophysiology
Other sources of disease may afflict the urinary system, including tumors, stones, inherited disorders, and cardiovascular disease.
Urine testing provides a convenient means for testing general health.
continued on next slide

15. Pathophysiology Urology Urologist Internal Medicine Renal Medicine
Nephrology
Nephrologist
nephr/o
= kidney
-logy
= study or science of
Urology: Branch of medicine focused on diseases and disorders of the urinary tract
Urologist: Physician specializing in urology
Nephrology: Branch of medicine focused on diseases and disorders of the kidney
Nephrologist: Physician specializing in nephrology

16. Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts
Prefixes
an-
dia-
dys-
poly-
Prefixes
an- = without or absence of
dia- = through
dys- = bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult
poly- = excessive, over, or many

17. Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts
Combining forms
albumin/o
azot/o
bacteri/o
glycos/o
hem/o, hemat/o
Combining forms
albumin/o = albumin (a protein)
azot/o = urea, nitrogen
bacteri/o = bacteria
glycos/o = sweet, sugar
hemat/o = blood
hem/o = blood
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18. Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts
Combining forms
ket/o, keton/o
noct/o
olig/o
protein/o
py/o
ket/o, keton/o = ketone
noct/o = night
olig/o = few in number
protein/o = protein
py/o = pus

19. Signs and Symptoms: Word Parts
Suffixes
-emia
-uresis
-uria
Suffixes
-emia = condition of blood
-uresis = urination
-uria = pertaining to urine, urination

20. Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System
Urinalysis
Albuminuria
Anuria
an-
= without
-uria
= urination
Urinalysis: A clinical procedure that examines the composition of urine using a variety of tests, including microscopy
Albuminuria: The presence of the protein albumin in the urine
Anuria: The inability to pass urine

21. Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System
Azotemia
Bacteriuria
Azotemia: Abnormally high levels of urea and other nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood
Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine

22. Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System
Diuresis
Dysuria
Glycosuria
Hematuria
Diuresis: the excessive discharge of urine; also called polyuria
Dysuria: Difficult or painful urination
Glycosuria: The presence of glucose in the urine
[Glycosuria – (glycos/o – sweet, sugar) (-uria – urine)]
Hematuria: The presence of blood in the urine

23. Figure Hematuria. An analysis of urine is performed to evaluate kidney function. In this illustration, the beaker contains urine that is red, indicating the sign of blood within the urine, which is confirmed by microscopic analysis.

24. Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System
Ketonuria
Nocturia
Oliguria
Polyuria
Ketonuria: The presence of ketone bodies in the urine
Nocturia: The need to wake up and urinate at night
Oliguria: A reduction in urination
Polyuria: Excessive urination; also known as diuresis

25. Signs and Symptoms of the Urinary System
Proteinuria
Pyuria
Proteinuria: The presence of any protein in the urine
Pyuria: The presence of pus in urine

26. Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts
Prefixes
an-
dia-
dys-
en-
epi-
hypo-
poly-
Prefixes
an- = without or absence of
dia- = through
dys- = bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult
en- = within, upon, on, or over
epi- = upon, over, above, or on top
hypo- = deficient, abnormally low, below
poly- = excessive, over, or many

27. Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts
Combining forms
albumin/o
azot/o
bacteri/o
blast/o
cyst/o
glomerul/o
Combining forms
albumin/o = albumin (a protein)
azot/o = urea, nitrogen
bacteri/o = bacteria
blast/o = germ, bud, developing cell
cyst/o = bladder, sac
glomerul/o = little ball; glomerulus
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28. Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts
Combining forms
hemat/o
hydr/o
ket/o, keton/o
lith/o
nephr/o
olig/o
hemat/o = blood
hydr/o = water
ket/o, keton/o = ketone
lith/o = stone
nephr/o = kidney
olig/o = few in number
continued on next slide

29. Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts
Combining forms
py/o
pyel/o
ren/o
spadias/o
sten/o
py/o = pus
pyel/o = renal pelvis
ren/o = kidney
spadias/o = rip, tear
sten/o = narrow
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30. Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts
Combining forms
ur/o
ureter/o
urethr/o
ur/o = urine
ureter/o = ureter
urethr/o = urethra

31. Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts
Suffixes
-al
-cele
-emia
-ia
-iasis
-ic
Suffixes
-al = pertaining to
-cele = hernia, swelling, or protrusion
-emia = condition of blood
-ia = condition of
-iasis = condition of
-ic = pertaining to
continued on next slide

32. Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts
Suffixes
-itis
-megaly
-oma
-osis
-pathy
-itis = inflammation
-megaly = abnormally large
-oma = tumor
-osis = condition of
-pathy = disease
continued on next slide

33. Diseases and Disorders: Word Parts
Suffixes
-ptosis
-sis
-uresis
-ptosis = drooping
-sis = state of
-uresis = urination

34. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Acute kidney injury (AKI)
Cystitis
Urethrocystitis
Cystocele
Cystolith
urethr/o
= urethra
cyst/o
= bladder
Acute kidney injury (AKI): Formerly acute renal failure; rapid-onset disease of the kidneys resulting in a failure to produce urine
Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder
Urethrocystitis: Inflammation of the urethra and bladder
Cystocele: Herniation of the urinary bladder
Cystolith: A stone in the urinary bladder
-itis
= inflammation

35. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
End-stage kidney disease (ESKD)
Renal failure
Enuresis
Nocturnal enuresis
Epispadias
End-stage kidney disease: Failure of both kidneys to form urine from any cause, producing symptoms of nausea, lethargy, itching, mental confusion, and fluid retention (edema); also called renal failure
Enuresis: The involuntary release of urine, which usually occurs due to a lack of bladder control
Nocturnal enuresis: The involuntary release of urine while sleeping
Epispadias: A congenital defect resulting in the abnormal positioning of the urinary meatus

36. Figure 11. 5 Epispadias and hypospadias
Figure Epispadias and hypospadias. In the male, epispadias is an abnormally placed opening of the urethra on the dorsal side of the penis (left), and in hypospadias, the opening is on the underside (ventral) of the penis (right).

37. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Glomerulonephropathy
Glomerulonephritis
Hydronephrosis
hydr/o
= water
nephr/o
= kidney
Glomerulonephropathy: Any disease of the glomeruli
Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys
Hydronephrosis: Occurs when exit of urine from the kidneys becomes blocked and backs up, causing distension of the renal pelvis
-osis
= state of

38. Figure 11. 6 Hydronephrosis
Figure Hydronephrosis. Normal kidney (left) and kidney with hydronephrosis (right) are compared. Note the distension (swelling) of the renal pelvis. In this illustration, the distension was caused by the constriction of the ureter, causing urine to back up in the renal pelvis.

39. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Hypospadias
Incontinence
Stress incontinence
Hypospadias: Congenital defect in which the urinary meatus has shifted dorsally.
Incontinence: The involuntary discharge of urine
Stress incontinence: The involuntary discharge of urine during a cough, sneeze, or strained movement

40. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Nephritis
Nephroblastoma
Wilms' tumor
nephr/o
= kidney
blast/o
= developing cell
-oma
= tumor
Nephritis: Inflammation of a kidney
Nephroblastoma: A tumor originating from kidney tissue that includes developing embryonic cells
Wilms' tumor: Another name for nephroblastoma

41. Figure 11. 7 Nephroblastoma
Figure Nephroblastoma. A sectioned kidney reveals the presence of a very large tumor, which arose from fetal cells during development. A newborn with nephroblastoma is illustrated to show the location and relative size of the tumor.

42. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Nephrolithiasis
Renal calculi
Nephroma
Nephrolithiasis: The presence of one or more stones within a kidney
Renal calculi: An alternate term for nephrolithiasis
Nephroma: A general term for a tumor arising from kidney tissue

43. Figure 11. 8 Nephrolithiasis
Figure 11.8 Nephrolithiasis. Stones, or calculi, may form in several areas within the urinary tract. When they form in the kidney, they usually arise within the renal pelvis to form the condition nephrolithiasis. Kidney stones may dislocate to form obstructions in the ureter, urinary bladder, or urethra, usually at their junctions.

44. Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of kidney stones.
Kidney Stone Video
Kidney stones, also called nephroliths, are deposits of mineral salts called calculi. In the kidney, these stones can pass into the ureter, irritate kidney tissue and block urine flow. Kidney stones are one of the most common and painful disorders of the urinary tract. Approximately 10 percent of people in the United States will have a kidney stone at some point in their lives. A person with a family history of kidney stones may be more likely to develop stones. Most frequently, the cause of kidney stones is hypercalciuria, where calcium is absorbed from food in excess and is lost into the urine. Urinary tract infections, kidney disorders, and metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, are also linked to stone formation. Most kidney stones pass out of the body without any intervention by a physician. Stones that cause lasting symptoms or other complications may be treated by various techniques, most of which do not involve major surgery. People with a history of kidney stones should drink enough fluid to produce at least two quarts of urine daily. People prone to forming calcium oxalate stones may need to cut back on food and drink that contain oxalate, such as cola, coffee, tea, chocolate, spinach, strawberries, and beets.
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of kidney stones.
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45. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Nephromegaly
Nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Hypertensive nephropathy
Drug-induced nephropathy
Nephroptosis
Floating kidney
Nephromegaly: Abnormal enlargement of a kidney
Nephropathy: Severe condition of a kidney that leads to end-stage kidney disease; diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, and drug-induced nephropathy are the most common.
Nephroptosis: The condition of a drooped position of a kidney
Floating kidney: An alternate term for nephroptosis

46. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Polycystic kidney disease
Pyelitis
Pyelonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease: A kidney condition characterized by the presence of numerous cysts (fluid-filled capsules) occupying much of the kidney tissue
Pyelitis: Inflammation of the renal pelvis
Pyelonephritis: An inflammatory condition of the renal pelvis and nephrons

47. Figure 11. 9 Polycystic kidney disease
Figure Polycystic kidney disease. Notice the presence of numerous fluid-filled sacs, or cysts, in these kidneys, which were removed from a patient who died of renal failure. Source: Courtesy of Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Image Library, Atlanta, GA.

48. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Stricture
Ureteral stricture
Urethral stricture
Ureterovesical stricture
Stricture: A condition of abnormal narrowing
Ureteral stricture: Narrowing of a ureter
Urethral stricture: Narrowing of the urethra
Ureterovesical stricture: Narrowing at the junction of the ureter and bladder

49. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Stenosis
Ureterostenosis
Uremia
Ureteritis
Stenosis: Narrowing
Ureterostenosis: Ureteral stricture or narrowing
Uremia: An excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood
Ureteritis: Inflammation of a ureter

50. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
ureter/o
= ureter
Ureterocele
Ureterolithiasis
Urinary retention
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
lith/o
= stone
-iasis
= condition of
Ureterocele: A herniated ureter
Ureterolithiasis: The presence of one or more stones, or calculi, within a ureter
Urinary retention: The abnormal accumulation of urine within the urinary bladder that results from an inability to void
Urinary suppression: Acute stoppage of urine formation by the kidneys
Acute renal failure: Cessation of kidney function
Urinary tract infection (UTI): Infection of urinary organs, usually the urethra and urinary bladder

51. Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of renal failure.
Renal Failure Video
There are two types of renal, or kidney failure: acute and chronic.
Acute renal failure is the sudden loss of kidney function that develops as a result of an injury or damage to the body in general, or the kidneys in particular.
Acute renal failure is caused by a blockage of urine flow out of the kidneys and into the bladder, exposure to certain drugs and/or toxic substances, or significant loss of blood, or a sudden drop in blood flow to the kidneys. Kidneys that have preexisting disease or damage are at higher risk for acute renal failure.
Signs and symptoms include confusion, drowsiness, decreased urine output, Kussmaul breathing, dyspnea, tachypnea, and coma. Acute renal failure is a very serious condition with a mortality rate in excess of 50 percent. Chronic renal failure develops over a much longer period of time, as nephrons lose their ability to function and are replaced by scar tissue. Usually this takes place over the course of many years.
In the early stages, there may be no symptoms and progression may be so gradual that symptoms do not occur until kidney function is less than one-tenth of normal. Diabetes and hypertension are the two most common causes that account for approximately two thirds of case of chronic renal failure. The goal of treatment for all renal failure is to identify and treat any reversible causes, as well as preventing excess accumulation of fluids and wastes while allowing the kidneys to heal and gradually resume their normal function. In some cases, dialysis may be necessary. Dialysis is a method of removing toxic substances from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so. Some patients may require a renal transplant to implant a healthy kidney into a patient with kidney disease or kidney failure.
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52. Figure 11. 10 Urinary tract infection
Figure Urinary tract infection. A UTI is characterized by fever, lumbar or abdominal pain, and pain or burning during urination. A diagnosis may be confirmed in a urine exam that reveals the presence of bacteria (bacteriuria) and white blood cells (pyuria).

53. Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts
Prefixes a-
dia-
Prefixes
a- = without, absence of
dia- = through

54. Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts
Combining forms
cyst/o
hem/o, hemat/o
lith/o
meat/o
nephr/o
Combining forms
cyst/o = bladder, sac
hem/o, hemat/o = blood
lith/o = stone
meat/o = opening, passage
nephr/o = kidney
continued on next slide

55. Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts
Combining forms
peritone/o
pyel/o
ren/o
son/o
tom/o
peritone/o = to stretch over, peritoneum
pyel/o = renal pelvis
ren/o = kidney
son/o = sound
tom/o = to cut
continued on next slide

56. Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts
Combining forms
ureter/o
urethr/o
ur/o, urin/o
vesic/o
ureter/o = ureter
urethr/o = urethra
ur/o, urin/o = urine
vesic/o = bladder

57. Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts
Suffixes
-al
-ectomy
-gram
-graphy
-logy
-lysis
Suffixes
-al = pertaining to
-ectomy = surgical excision or removal
-gram = a record or image
-graphy = recording process
-logy = study or science of
-lysis = loosen or dissolve
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58. Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts
Suffixes
-meter
-pexy
-plasty
-rrhaphy
-scopy
-meter = measure, measuring instrument
-pexy = surgical fixation, suspension
-plasty = surgical repair
-rrhaphy = suturing
-scopy = process of viewing
continued on next slide

59. Treatments, Procedures, Devices: Word Parts
Suffixes
-stomy
-tomy
-tripsy
-stomy = surgical creation of an opening
-tomy = incision or to cut
-tripsy = surgical crushing

60. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Creatinine
Cystectomy
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): A clinical lab test that measures urea concentration in a sample of blood to check kidney function
Creatinine: A protein that is a normal component of urine and is a by-product of muscle metabolism
Cystectomy: Surgical removal of the urinary bladder

61. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Cystography
Cystogram
Cystoureterography
Cystoureterogram
Cystography: An x-ray procedure producing an image of the urinary bladder
Cystogram: The x-ray image produced by cystography
Cystoureterography: An x-ray procedure producing an image of the urinary bladder and ureters
Cystoureterogram: The x-ray image produced by cystoureterography

62. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Cystourethrography
Cystourethrogram
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
Cystourethrography: The x-ray procedure producing an image of the urinary bladder and urethra
Cystourethrogram: The x-ray image produced by cystourethrography
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG): The x-ray procedure in which films are taken before, during, and after urination to observe bladder function

63. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Cystolithotomy
Cystoplasty
Cystorrhaphy
Cystolithotomy: A procedure in which an incision is made through the urinary bladder wall to remove a stone
Cystoplasty: Surgical repair of the urinary bladder
Cystorrhaphy: Suturing of the urinary bladder wall

64. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Cystoscopy
Cystostomy
Cystotomy
Vesicotomy
cyst/o
= bladder
-stomy
= surgical creation of an opening
Cystoscopy: A diagnostic procedure using a modified endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder
Cystostomy: The surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder
Cystotomy: An incision through the urinary bladder wall
Vesicotomy: An alternative term for cystotomy

65. Figure Cystoscopy. In this procedure, a specialized endoscope with a rigid tube, known as a cystoscope, is used to view the internal environment of the urinary bladder. As shown, the cystoscope may be outfitted to include surgical devices to remove tumors or stones.

66. Figure Cystostomy. An artificial opening is made through the urinary bladder wall during this procedure. As the illustration suggests, it is often performed to enable a patient to bypass obstructions for voiding.

67. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Fulguration
Hemodialysis
Fulguration: A surgical procedure that destroys living tissue with an electric current; commonly used to remove tumors and polyps from the interior wall of the bladder
Hemodialysis: A procedure performed to remove nitrogenous wastes and excess ions that accumulate during normal body metabolism artificially, temporarily replacing the function of kidney filtration for patients with kidney disease or kidney failure

68. Figure Hemodialysis. The process of hemodialysis replaces the kidney function of blood filtration by forcing blood from the patient through cellophane membranes, as shown in this schematic.

69. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Lithotripsy
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Lithotripsy: A surgical technique that applies concentrated sound waves to pulverize stones into smaller pieces that can pass with urine through the urethra
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL): Ultrasonic energy from a source outside the body used to break up large stones

70. continued on next slide
Figure 11.14a Lithotripsy. ESWL uses fluoroscopy (above the patient) to view progress. The stones are pulverized by ultrasonic shock waves from below the patient. Photo Source: Carolina K. Smith MD/Shutterstock.
continued on next slide

71. Figure 11.14b Lithotripsy. Illustration of lithotripsy, during (left) and after (right) the procedure. Source: Alexonlne/Shutterstock.

72. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Nephrectomy
Nephrography
Nephrogram
Nephrectomy: A surgical procedure that removes a kidney
Nephrography: An x-ray technique that produces an image of a kidney
Nephrogram: The x-ray image obtained from nephrography

73. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Nephrology
Nephrologist
Nephrolysis
nephr/o
= kidney
-lysis
= loosen
Nephrology: The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the kidneys
Nephrologist: A physician who specializes in nephrology
Nephrolysis: Surgery that removes abnormal adhesions from a kidney, loosening the organ

74. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Nephropexy
Nephroscopy
Nephroscope
Nephrosonography
Nephropexy: Surgical fixation of a kidney
Nephroscopy: Visualization of a kidney with the use of an endoscope
Nephroscope: Endoscopic device used to view a kidney
Nephrosonography: Ultrasound images of the kidney for diagnostic analysis

75. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Nephrostomy
Pyelostomy
Nephrotomography
Nephrotomogram
nephr/o
= kidney
tom/o
= to cut
Nephrostomy: A procedure that surgically creates an opening into the kidney
Pyelostomy: An alternative term for nephrostomy
Nephrotomography: A diagnostic procedure that images the kidney with sectional x-rays to observe internal details of kidney structure
Nephrotomogram: The image obtained from nephrotomography
-graphy
= recording process

76. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Peritoneal dialysis
Peritoneal dialysis: Artificial filtration as a cleansing treatment to compensate for kidney failure by processing fluids from the peritoneal cavity rather than directly from the bloodstream

77. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Pyelogram
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
Retrograde pyelogram (RP)
pyel/o
= renal pelvis
Pyelogram: An x-ray image of the renal pelvis
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP): An x-ray image of the renal pelvis enhanced by injection of intravenous iodinated contrast medium
Retrograde pyelogram (RP): Injection of contrast medium into the ureter using a cystoscope; as x-rays are taken, contrast moves in a retrograde fashion
-gram
= a record

78. Figure 11. 15 Retrograde pyelogram
Figure Retrograde pyelogram. A contrast medium is injected into the ureter using a cystoscope, and the x-ray moves in a direction opposite from the norm, producing the image that is shown. It serves to highlight the internal features of the renal pelvis and ureters. Source: CNRI/Science Source.

79. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Pyelolithotomy
Pyeloplasty
Renal transplant
Pyelolithotomy: Surgery performed to remove a stone from the renal pelvis
Pyeloplasty: Surgical repair of the renal pelvis
Renal transplant: Replacement of a dysfunctional kidney with a donor kidney

80. Figure 11. 16 Renal transplant
Figure Renal transplant. A transplanted kidney is placed within the pelvic cavity below the location of the kidney requiring replacement.

81. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Renography
Renogram
Specific gravity (SG)
Renography: An exam that uses nuclear medicine by exposing the patient's kidneys to radioactive materials
Renogram: The record of a renography
Specific gravity (SG): The measurement of the density of substances in a liquid compared to water

82. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Ureterectomy
Ureterostomy
Ureterotomy
Ureterectomy: The surgical removal of a ureter
Ureterostomy: The surgical creation of an opening from the ureter to the body surface
Ureterotomy: An incision into the wall of a ureter

83. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Urethropexy
Urethroplasty
Urethrostomy
Urethrotomy
ureth/o
= urethra
-plasty
= surgical repair
Urethropexy: Surgical fixation of the urethra
Urethroplasty: Surgical repair of the urethra
Urethrostomy: Surgical creation of an opening through the urethra
Urethrotomy: Incision into the wall of the urethra

84. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Urinalysis (UA)
Catheter
Urinary catheter
Urinary catheterization
Urinalysis (UA): A combination of clinical lab tests that are performed on a urine specimen
Catheter: A flexible tube that is inserted into an opening of the body to transport fluids in or out
Urinary catheter: Usually inserted through the urethra to enter the urinary bladder
Urinary catheterization: The process of inserting a urinary catheter

85. Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of urinalysis.
Urinalysis Video
This plastic strip contains chemicals implanted on it that will change color when dipped in urine.
You can compare the color changes to the ones on strips container to determine whether or not you have a normal value. Reagent strip tests are available for pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin, nitrate, leukocytes, specific gravity, and others. Remember that the strips should never touch the side of the container when comparing it to the color chart, because this will contaminate the container. Also, the reaction times after you moisten the strip with urine are pretty short, but you'll have enough time to record your readings. After you're done with the reagent strips, make sure that you discard them in the hazardous waste container.
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86. Figure Urinalysis. During a simple urinalysis, a stick with colored blocks is dipped into a urine specimen. Color changes in the blocks are noted and compared to a known standard. Source: Max Tactic/Fotolia.

87. continued on next slide
Figure 11.18a Urinary catheterization. The procedure involves the insertion of a flexible tube, or catheter, through the urethra and into the urinary bladder. Voiding occurs through the catheter and is collected in a plastic bag adjacent to the patient. Catheterization of a female patient.
continued on next slide

88. Figure 11. 18b Urinary catheterization
Figure 11.18b Urinary catheterization. The procedure involves the insertion of a flexible tube, or catheter, through the urethra and into the urinary bladder. Voiding occurs through the catheter and is collected in a plastic bag adjacent to the patient. Catheterization of a male patient.

89. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Urinary endoscopy
Meatoscope
Nephroscope
Urethroscope
Cystoscope
Urinary endoscopy: The procedural use of an endoscope to observe internal structures of the urinary system
Meatoscope: A viewing device inserted into the urinary meatus
Nephroscope: An endoscope used to view a kidney
Urethroscope: An endoscope used to view the urethra
Cystoscope: An endoscope used to view the bladder

90. Treatments, Procedures, and Devices of the Urinary System
Urology
Urologist
Vesicourethral suspension
Urology: Medical field specializing in disorders of the urinary system
Urologist: Physician who specializes in urology
Vesicourethral suspension: A surgery that is performed to stabilize the position of the urinary bladder

91. Abbreviations of the Urinary System
AKI
BUN
cath
ESKD
ESWL HD
IVP RP
AKI: acute kidney injury
BUN: blood urea nitrogen
cath: catheter, catheterization
ESKD: end-stage kidney disease
ESWL = extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
HD: hemodialysis
IVP: intravenous pyelogram
RP: retrograde pyelogram
continued on next slide

92. Abbreviations of the Urinary SystemSG UA
UTI
VCUG
SG: specific gravity
UA: urinalysis
UTI: urinary tract infection
VCUG: voiding cystourethrogram

93. Combining Form Quiz nephr/o cyst/o olig/o glycos/o azot/o
few in number
sweet, sugar
urea
kidney
bladder
nephr/o answer is d.
cyst/o answer is e.
olig/o answer is a.
glycos/o answer is b.
azot/o answer is c.