1. And the Origin of Species
Evolution
And the Origin of Species

2. Question: How did the giraffe get its long neck?
Why are there 9 subspecies of giraffes?
Massai, reticulated, angolan

3. History of Evolutionary Thought
In 1831, Charles Darwin, a 22-year-old naturalist, accepted a position aboard the ship HMS Beagle that began a voyage around the world.
Darwin made observations of animals that inhabited the island - a study of BIOGEOGRAPHY
tortoises
iguanas
finches

4. The Voyage of the Beagle

5. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Finches on the Galápagos Islands resembled a mainland finch but there were more types.
Galápagos finch species varied by nesting site, beak size, and eating habits.
Darwin proposed that each bird was descended from the mainland species.
this idea is known as COMMON DESCENT

6. Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace had similar ideas about how species changed over time….Natural Selection
Characteristics (variations) are inherited
More offspring are produced than can survive
Those with the most favorable characteristics survive
ADAPTATION

7. Descent with Modification
Each generation will have more individuals with those traits than the previous generation.

8. Homo sapiens Canis lupus Giraffa camelopardalis
Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms.
Carolus Linnaeus developed a binomial system of nomenclature - two-part names for each species
GENUS
SPECIES
Giraffe camelopardalis angolensis (Angolan giraffe)
Giraffe camelopardalis camelopardalis (Nubian giraffe)
Giraffe camelopardalis reticulata (Reticulated giraffe)
Homo sapiens Canis lupus
Giraffa camelopardalis

9. Masai Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi)
Thornicroft Giraffe
Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti

10. Biogeography
study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time
A cladogram shows how these giraffes are related.
Why are there so many different subspecies and why in distinct locations?

11. Are all of these giraffes descended from one common ancestor?

12. How does natural selection explain the finches on the Galapagos?

13. The Definition of Evolution
Evolution is the change in allele frequencies, or a change in the gene pool, of a population.
You don’t need to see an animal change physically, you only need to measure changes at the DNA level.

14. IMPORTANT!!! Individuals do not evolve. (they either live or die)
These stickleback fish have different levels of armored scales.
Individuals do not evolve. (they either live or die)
*POPULATIONS EVOLVE*
2. Evolution does not have a direction. Organisms aren’t “trying” to be anything.
3. Fitness refers to an organism's ability to survive in their environment - it doesn’t necessarily mean “stronger”

15. 3. Individuals differ in FITNESS (relative fitness)
- fitness measures an organism’s reproductive success
- it does not necessarily mean “stronger”.
A black panther is the melanistic color variant of any Panthera species. Black panthers in Asia and Africa are leopards (Panthera pardus) and black panthers in the Americas are black jaguars (Panthera onca).
Leucism refers to lighter varieties, like white tigers. White tigers are NOT albino.

16. Selection Strength
How strong does the environment push for the survival or elimination of a polymorphism?
Examples: White- Striped Clover & Rock Pocket Mouse

17. Divergent vs Convergent Evolution
Phenotypes are similar, though these organisms are not closely related.

18. Variation (polymorphisms) Relative fitness (who survives selection?)
The aye-aye survived!??
Review Evolution in 3 steps:
Variation (polymorphisms)
Relative fitness (who survives selection?)
Reproduction and inheritance
And the blobfish and naked mole rat??
See “Strange Animals” Boredpanda.com

19. Evidence of Evolution 1. The Fossil Record 2. Anatomy 3. Embryology
4.  Biogeography 
5.  Molecular Biology

20. Fossil Record traces the history of life
FOSSIL EVIDENCE
Fossil Record traces the history of life
Shows transitional fossils ….Archaeopteryx

21. Hominid Species

22. EVIDENCE: FOSSIL RECORD
Transitional species show links between ancestors and modern organisms.

23. ANATOMICAL EVIDENCE Homologous structures
– similar structures inherited from a common ancestor (ex. Arm bones)

24. Vestigial Structures
Structures that appear to serve no purpose and are derived from ancestral populations.

25. Fossil record indicates that whales evolved from land animals
Fossil record indicates that whales evolved from land animals. They retain many of the features of land tetrapods, including vestigial pelvic bones.

26. In humans ….. The palmaris longus muscle is vestigial
Gill Slit

27. Embryological development – all vertebrates have the same basic pattern of development

28. BIOGEOGRAPHICAL EVIDENCE
How Plants and Animals are distributed worldwide
Why are these animals only found in Australia?

29. Molecular Genetics
Gene sequences are similar across animal groups. The more similar the genes, the more closely related the organisms.

30. Myths of Evolution Evolution is just a theory Individuals evolve
Evolution explains the origin of life
Organisms evolve on purpose (or is directional)
What other myths or questions have you heard regarding evolution?

34. 18.2 Formation of New Species
Species = individual organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

35. Hybrid = cross between two species
Liger
Zonkey
Hybrid = cross between two species
= often produce infertile offspring (mules)

36. Speciation = formation of two species from one original species

37. Allopatric vs Sympatric Speciation “Other homeland” “Same homeland”
California Salamander Speciation

38. What type of speciation is this?

39. Hawaiian Honeycreepers
Adaptive Radiation
One ancestral species branches into many, each occupying a different NICHE

40. Reproductive Isolation - what prevents interbreeding between species?
Prezygotic Barriers
Blocks reproduction from taking place at all
Temporal Isolation (breeding at different times)
Habitat Isolation (living in different places)
Mechanical & Gamete Barriers (anatomy & egg/sperm problems)
Behavioral Isolation (mating, courtship behaviors)
Damselfly penis

41. Post-zygotic barriers
- egg and sperm produce offspring that don’t survive or are sterile

42. Rates of Speciation Slow change, small steps
Rapid change, due to a major environmental disruption

44. Is a hybrid grizzly-polar bear a “PIZZLY” or a “GROLAR BEAR”