Plasticity Lecture 5. Plasticity Lecture 5 Food for thought What does it mean that the brain is “plastic” Are there “critical periods”? How important.

Plasticity Lecture 5

Food for thought What does it mean that the brain is “plastic”
Are there “critical periods”? How important are they? Are there parts of the brain that are predestined for some behavior? Think about the neurobiology of brain development and how that might contribute to plasticity.

Types of plasticity Experience independent

Types of plasticity Experience independent Experience dependent

Types of plasticity Experience independent Experience dependent
Experience expectant

Experience Independent Plasticity
Experience is not required to “wire” up the system

Experience is not required to “wire” up the system Systems that are similar across species

Experience is not required to “wire” up the system Systems that are similar across species Examples?

Experience is not required to “wire” up the system Systems that are similar across species Examples? Brainstem

Experience is not required to “wire” up the system Systems that are similar across species Examples? Brainstem Some aspects of the visual system

Experience is not required to “wire” up the system Systems that are similar across species Examples? Brainstem Some aspects of the visual system Mechanism

Experience is not required to “wire” up the system Systems that are similar across species Examples? Brainstem Some aspects of the visual system Mechanism Gene expression

Experience Dependent Plasticity
Specific to experience

Specific to experience Different by individual

Specific to experience Different by individual Based upon individual experience

Specific to experience Different by individual Based upon individual experience Examples?

Specific to experience Different by individual Based upon individual experience Examples? Memory

Specific to experience Different by individual Based upon individual experience Examples? Memory Stressful life events?

Specific to experience Different by individual Based upon individual experience Examples? Memory Stressful life events? Formation of new connections?

Specific to experience Different by individual Based upon individual experience Examples? Memory Stressful life events? Formation of new connections? Mechanism

Specific to experience Different by individual Based upon individual experience Examples? Memory Stressful life events? Formation of new connections? Mechanism Likely LTP or similar mechanism

Experience Expectant Plasticity
A particular experience that is expected in the environment contributes to wiring of system.

A particular experience that is expected in the environment contributes to wiring of system. Most members of the species have that experience

A particular experience that is expected in the environment contributes to wiring of system. Most members of the species have that experience Examples? Language

A particular experience that is expected in the environment contributes to wiring of system. Most members of the species have that experience Examples? Language Ocular Dominance Columns

A particular experience that is expected in the environment contributes to wiring of system. Most members of the species have that experience Examples? Language Ocular Dominance Columns Mechanism

A particular experience that is expected in the environment contributes to wiring of system. Most members of the species have that experience Examples? Language Ocular Dominance Columns Mechanism Redundant connections in the brain

Transplantation Studies
Taking visual cortex and moving it to auditory cortex

Taking visual cortex and moving it to auditory cortex Takes on some characteristics of auditory (e.g., responds to sound)

Taking visual cortex and moving it to auditory cortex Takes on some characteristics of auditory (e.g., responds to sound) Takes on other characteristics of visual (e.g., the way cells are organized).

Taking visual cortex and moving it to auditory cortex Takes on some characteristics of auditory (e.g., responds to sound) Takes on other characteristics of visual (e.g., the way cells are organized). Mechanism

Taking visual cortex and moving it to auditory cortex Takes on some characteristics of auditory (e.g., responds to sound) Takes on other characteristics of visual (e.g., the way cells are organized). Mechanism Redundant connections maintained or reformed when cortex is moved.

Recovery from early lesions
Examples

Examples Language and the left hemisphere

Examples Language and the left hemisphere Spatial abilities and the right hemisphere

Examples Language and the left hemisphere Spatial abilities and the right hemisphere Mechanism

Examples Language and the left hemisphere Spatial abilities and the right hemisphere Mechanism Redundant connections

Mechanism for Recovery from lesion: Example

Negative experience Children raised in impoverished environments (e.g., orphanages)

Negative experience Children raised in impoverished environments (e.g., orphanages) Reduced brain size?

Negative experience Children raised in impoverished environments (e.g., orphanages) Reduced brain size? Reduced blood flow?

Negative experience Children raised in impoverished environments (e.g., orphanages) Reduced brain size? Reduced blood flow? Animal analogues – Rearing studies

Negative experience Children raised in impoverished environments (e.g., orphanages) Reduced brain size? Reduced blood flow? Animal analogues – Rearing studies Effects on brain

Negative experience Children raised in impoverished environments (e.g., orphanages) Reduced brain size? Reduced blood flow? Animal analogues – Rearing studies Effects on brain Effects on behavior

Negative experience Children raised in impoverished environments (e.g., orphanages) Reduced brain size? Reduced blood flow? Animal analogues – Rearing studies Effects on brain Effects on behavior Abused children

Negative experience Children raised in impoverished environments (e.g., orphanages) Reduced brain size? Reduced blood flow? Animal analogues – Rearing studies Effects on brain Effects on behavior Abused children Responses to emotional expressions

Experiments of Nature People born deaf

Experiments of Nature People born deaf What happens?

Experiments of Nature People born deaf What happens?
Visual areas increase in size and “jobs”

Visual areas increase in size and “jobs” Auditory areas may be “taken over” for visual function

Visual areas increase in size and “jobs” Auditory areas may be “taken over” for visual function Improved attention to movement in the periphery

Visual areas increase in size and “jobs” Auditory areas may be “taken over” for visual function Improved attention to movement in the periphery Specific to deafness: Not sign language

Visual areas increase in size and “jobs” Auditory areas may be “taken over” for visual function Improved attention to movement in the periphery Specific to deafness: Not sign language Language is visual-spatial, but still in the left hemisphere

Visual areas increase in size and “jobs” Auditory areas may be “taken over” for visual function Improved attention to movement in the periphery Specific to deafness: Not sign language Language is visual-spatial, but still in the left hemisphere (for anyone who learns a visual/spatial language).

Plasticity in adulthood
Experience Dependent plasticity

Experience Dependent plasticity Rats in enriched environments have more cortical connections

Experience Dependent plasticity Rats in enriched environments have more cortical connections Can be rearing

Experience Dependent plasticity Rats in enriched environments have more cortical connections Can be rearing But also occurs in aged rats

Experience Dependent plasticity Rats in enriched environments have more cortical connections Can be rearing But also occurs in aged rats ED Plasticity can occur throughout the lifespan

Experience Dependent plasticity Rats in enriched environments have more cortical connections Can be rearing But also occurs in aged rats ED Plasticity can occur throughout the lifespan String Instrument players

Change in cortical representation due to amputation

Change in cortical representation due to amputation Mechanism

Change in cortical representation due to amputation Mechanism Formation of new connections?

Plasticity Lecture 5. Plasticity Lecture 5 Food for thought What does it mean that the brain is “plastic” Are there “critical periods”? How important.

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Plasticity Lecture 5. Plasticity Lecture 5 Food for thought What does it mean that the brain is “plastic” Are there “critical periods”? How important.

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Presentation on theme: "Plasticity Lecture 5. Plasticity Lecture 5 Food for thought What does it mean that the brain is “plastic” Are there “critical periods”? How important."— Presentation transcript:

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