1. Urinary System
Kidney Overview

2. Parts of the Urinary System
2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

3. The Kidney
Kidney bean shaped organs below the rib cage on the dorsal side of the body.
The left kidney is higher than the R.
Kidneys have two layers
Outer layer: Cortex (not salty)
Inner Layer: Medulla (salty)
Blood is transported to the kidney via the renal arteries

4. More on the Kidney’s
Blood is transported to the Nephrons of the Kidney.
Job and parts of the Nephron
Removes waste (urea) from blood
Regulates water
Electrolyte balance
Kidney and Nephron
Fuction

5. What else does the Kidney Do?
Makes Vitamin D Usable
Stimulates Red Blood Cell Production in the bone Marrow.
Regulates Blood Pressure

6. How is BP regulated?
ADH- antidiuretic hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary prevents excess water loss.
If not functioning: Diabetes Insipidus. 25L/day lost
Aldosterone- regulates Na+ ions. Water follows salt. Na+Cl- increase H2O in blood & Ions.
Renin- regulates aldosterone and increases vaso-constriction.

7. More on the Nephron
The Glomerous: 1st part. High pressure area which pushes out waste and returns good blood to the body via the efferent arteriole. This blood will later be transported to the Inferior Vena Cava and returned to the heart.
The Loop of Henley: 2nd part. High salt content. Pulls excess water out of the tube and into the kidney thereby increasing the urine concentration.
!!! Go to
Fig. 15.5!!

8. Where does it all go?
From the Distal tubule of the nephron urine leaves through the collecting duct. More NaCl, H2O are absorbed.
It collects in the Calyces and finally the Renal Pelvis. Fig. 15.2
Ureter collects urine from the kidneys and transports it to the bladder.

9. Where does it all go? continued
Bladder is a small walnut shaped, heavily folded, hollow organ. Expands when water enters it. Pressure increases as the bladder expands.
Urine exits the body through the Urethra. See Fig
People produce liters of urine a day depending on how much a person drinks.

10. Micturition Reflex

11. Diseases of the Urinary System
UTI- Urinary Tract Infection. Occurs when bacteria goes up the urethra. Characterized by frequent urge to urinate. Antibiotics cure.
Kidney Transplant- must have histocompatibility. Old kidney not removed. Reinal vein and artery are connected first, than ureter is connected to bladder.
UTI
Kidney Transplant

12. Diseases Galore….
Problems of SHOCK. Arterial blood pressure drops causing glomerous not to filter wastes. The tubes of the kidney don’t receive enough nutrients and they die (tubular necrosis). Chronic renal failure or kidney loss may ensue.
What can be done?
Peritoneal
Dialysis

13. Another one.
Proteinurea: from glomerulonephritis. Glomerous is inflamed. Increasing its permeability to proteins which are excreted in the urine. This causes a reduction in the protein percentage in a persons blood plasma or hypoproteinemia . Blood pressure drops. Fluid can’t move out of the capillaries = edema (fluids are traped in the cell=bloating).

14. And still more
Glucoseuria- glucose in the urine. From IV’s of glucose or Diabetes melitus (Type 1), insulin dependent diabetes. Cause: Insufficient insulin released from the pancreas.
Gout- uric acid concentration in the blood is high. Crystallizes in the joints and tissues. Causes inflammation and extreme pain.
Gout

15. The last of them…
Kidney Stones
Kidney stones: composed of uric acid, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or magnesium phosphate. Form in the collecting ducts and renal pelvis. Pass into the ureter causing pain. Use sound waves to break them up.
Urine control: ADH (pituitary) concentrates urine by increasing the permeability of the distal tubule of the Nephron.