1. Slides 1 to 84
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Overview of Reproduction
What are the Reproductive System Essentials?
Gonads (reproductive organs)
Testes in males, ovaries in females
Gametes (reproductive cells)
Spermatazoa in males, ova in females
Fertilization
Joining of male and female gamete
Zygote
Fertilized egg
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. Male Reproductive System
What are the Reproductive Organs?
Testes
Surrounded by scrotum
Produce spermatazoa (sperm)
Epididymis
Stores sperm
Ductus deferens
Conducts sperm outward
Within spermatic cord
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4. Male Reproductive System
What are the Reproductive Organs? (cont’d)
Ejaculatory duct
Accessory organs
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
Urethra
Within penis, an erectile organ
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5. Male Reproductive System
The Male Reproductive System
Figure 19-1

6. Male Reproductive System
What are the Testes?
Primary sex organ in males
Hang within scrotum
Interstitial cells surround tubules
Produce testosterone, the main male sex hormone
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7. Male Reproductive System
What are Seminiferous Tubules?
Contain spermatogonia
Stem cells for spermatogenesis
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Male Reproductive System
The Scrotum, Testes, and Seminiferous Tubules
Figure 19-2(a)

9. Male Reproductive System
The Scrotum, Testes, and Seminiferous Tubules
Figure 19-2(b)

10. Male Reproductive System
The Scrotum, Testes, and Seminiferous Tubules
Figure 19-2(c)

11. Male Reproductive System
What is the Anatomy of a Spermatozoon?
Head
Contains nucleus and chromosomes
Middle piece
Contains mitochondria
Tail
Whips the sperm along
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12. SPERMATOGENESIS MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) Primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication
Primary
spermatocyte
MEIOSIS I
Synapsis and
tetrad formation
Tetrad (four chromatids)
Secondary
spermatocytes
MEIOSIS II
Spermatids
(haploid)
SPERMIOGENESIS
(physical maturation)
Spermatozoa
(haploid)
Figure 19-3
1 of 5
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13. SPERMATOGENESIS MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) Primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)
Figure 19-3
2 of 5
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14. SPERMATOGENESIS MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) Primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication
Primary
spermatocyte
MEIOSIS I
Synapsis and
tetrad formation
Tetrad (four chromatids)
Secondary
spermatocytes
Figure 19-3
3 of 5
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15. SPERMATOGENESIS MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) Primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication
Primary
spermatocyte
MEIOSIS I
Synapsis and
tetrad formation
Tetrad (four chromatids)
Secondary
spermatocytes
MEIOSIS II
Spermatids
(haploid)
Figure 19-3
4 of 5
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16. SPERMATOGENESIS MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) Primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication
Primary
spermatocyte
MEIOSIS I
Synapsis and
tetrad formation
Tetrad (four chromatids)
Secondary
spermatocytes
MEIOSIS II
Spermatids
(haploid)
SPERMIOGENESIS
(physical maturation)
Spermatozoa
(haploid)
Figure 19-3
5 of 5
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17. Male Reproductive System
Spermatozoon Structure
Figure 19-4

18. Male Reproductive System
Key Note
Meiosis produces gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. For each cell entering meiosis, the testes produce four spermatozoa, whereas the ovaries produce only one ovum.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

19. Male Reproductive System
What is the Male Reproductive Tract?
Epididymis
Long tubule in which sperm mature
Releases tubular fluid
Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
Joins with seminal vesicle
Forms ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Extends from bladder to tip of penis
Passageway for urine and semen
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

20. Male Reproductive System
The Ductus Deferens
Figure 19-5(a)

21. Male Reproductive System
The Ductus Deferens
Figure 19-5(b)

22. Male Reproductive System
What are the Accessory Glands?
Seminal vesicle
Releases 60% of volume of semen
Releases fructose to power the sperm
Prostate gland
Contributes about 30% of semen volume
Bulbourethral glands
Releases alkaline mucus as a lubricant
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23. Male Reproductive System
What is Semen?
Typical ejaculation expels 2–5 ml of semen
Called the ejaculate
Contains 20–50 million sperm per ml
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

24. Male Reproductive System
What is the Penis?
Erection of penis follows dilation of erectile bodies with blood
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

25. Male Reproductive System
The Penis
Figure 19-6(a)

26. Male Reproductive System
The Penis
Figure 19-6(b)

27. Male Reproductive System
The Penis
Figure 19-6(c)

28. Male Reproductive System
What are the Hormones and the Male Reproductive Function?
Pituitary Hormones
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Promotes spermatogenesis
Luteining hormone (LH)
Stimulates testosterone production
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

29. Male Reproductive System
Hormonal Feedback in the Regulation of Male Reproductive Function
Figure 19-7

30. Female Reproductive System
What are the Principal Female Reproductive Organs?
Ovaries
Uterine (Fallopian) tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External genitalia (vulva)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

31. Female Reproductive System
The Female Reproductive System
Figure 19-8(a)

32. Female Reproductive System
The Female Reproductive System
Figure 19-8(b)

33. Female Reproductive System
What are the Ovaries?
Primary sex organs of females
Site of oogenesis (ovum production)
Monthly ovarian cycle
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

34. OOGENESIS Figure 19-9 1 of 5 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth)
Primary
oocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication (before birth)
Tetrad
MEIOSIS I begins before birth
Primary
oocyte
Synapsis and tetrad formation
MEIOSIS I
completed
after puberty
First polar
body
Secondary
oocyte
(haploid)
(may not
occur)
MEIOSIS II
begun in the
tertiary follicle
and completed
only if fertilization
occurs
Secondary oocyte
ovulated in metaphase
of MEIOSIS II
If fertilization
occurs after
ovulation,
MEIOSIS II
Is completed
Second
polar
body
Maturation
of gamete
Ovum
(haploid)
Figure 19-9
1 of 5
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35. OOGENESIS Figure 19-9 2 of 5 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth)
Primary
oocyte
(diploid)
Figure 19-9
2 of 5
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

36. OOGENESIS Figure 19-9 3 of 5 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth)
Primary
oocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication (before birth)
Tetrad
MEIOSIS I begins before birth
Primary
oocyte
Synapsis and tetrad formation
Figure 19-9
3 of 5
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

37. OOGENESIS Figure 19-9 4 of 5 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth)
Primary
oocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication (before birth)
Tetrad
MEIOSIS I begins before birth
Primary
oocyte
Synapsis and tetrad formation
MEIOSIS I
completed
after puberty
First polar
body
Secondary
oocyte
(haploid)
Figure 19-9
4 of 5
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

38. OOGENESIS Figure 19-9 5 of 5 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth)
Primary
oocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication (before birth)
Tetrad
MEIOSIS I begins before birth
Primary
oocyte
Synapsis and tetrad formation
MEIOSIS I
completed
after puberty
First polar
body
Secondary
oocyte
(haploid)
(may not
occur)
MEIOSIS II
begun in the
tertiary follicle
and completed
only if fertilization
occurs
Secondary oocyte
ovulated in metaphase
of MEIOSIS II
If fertilization
occurs after
ovulation,
MEIOSIS II
Is completed
Second
polar
body
Maturation
of gamete
Ovum
(haploid)
Figure 19-9
5 of 5
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

39. Figure 19-10 1 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty
Secondary follicle
Tertiary follicle
Follicle
cells
Antrum
containing
follicular
fluid
Primordial follicles
Zona
pellucida
Primary
oocyte
Nucleus of
primary
oocyte
Primary
oocytes
Zona
pellucida
Follicle
cells
Zona pellucida
Primordial
follicles
Primary
follicle
Secondary
follicle
Tertiary
follicle
OVULATION
Outer
surface of
ovary
Released
secondary
oocyte
Degenerating
corpus
luteum
Corpus
luteum
Corona
radiata
Corpus luteum
Figure 19-10
1 of 7
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40. Figure 19-10 2 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

41. Figure 19-10 3 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty
cells
Primordial follicles
Primary
oocytes
Zona
pellucida
Primordial
follicles
Primary
follicle
Figure 19-10
3 of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

42. Figure 19-10 4 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty
Secondary follicle
Follicle
cells
Primordial follicles
Zona
pellucida
Nucleus of
primary
oocyte
Primary
oocytes
Zona
pellucida
Follicle
cells
Primordial
follicles
Primary
follicle
Secondary
follicle
Figure 19-10
4 of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

43. Figure 19-10 5 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty
Secondary follicle
Tertiary follicle
Follicle
cells
Antrum
containing
follicular
fluid
Primordial follicles
Zona
pellucida
Primary
oocyte
Nucleus of
primary
oocyte
Primary
oocytes
Zona
pellucida
Follicle
cells
Zona pellucida
Primordial
follicles
Primary
follicle
Secondary
follicle
Tertiary
follicle
Figure 19-10
5 of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

44. Figure 19-10 6 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty
Secondary follicle
Tertiary follicle
Follicle
cells
Antrum
containing
follicular
fluid
Primordial follicles
Zona
pellucida
Primary
oocyte
Nucleus of
primary
oocyte
Primary
oocytes
Zona
pellucida
Follicle
cells
Zona pellucida
Primordial
follicles
Primary
follicle
Secondary
follicle
Tertiary
follicle
OVULATION
Outer
surface of
ovary
Released
secondary
oocyte
Corona
radiata
Figure 19-10
6 of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

45. Figure 19-10 7 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty
Secondary follicle
Tertiary follicle
Follicle
cells
Antrum
containing
follicular
fluid
Primordial follicles
Zona
pellucida
Primary
oocyte
Nucleus of
primary
oocyte
Primary
oocytes
Zona
pellucida
Follicle
cells
Zona pellucida
Primordial
follicles
Primary
follicle
Secondary
follicle
Tertiary
follicle
OVULATION
Outer
surface of
ovary
Released
secondary
oocyte
Degenerating
corpus
luteum
Corpus
luteum
Corona
radiata
Corpus luteum
Figure 19-10
7 of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

46. Female Reproductive System
Key Note
Oogenesis begins during embryonic development, and primary oocyte production is completed before birth. After puberty, each month the ovary produces one or more secondary oocytes from pre-existing primary oocytes. The number of viable primary oocytes declines with age, until ovarian cycles end at age 45–55.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

47. Female Reproductive System
What are the Uterine Tubes?
End in a funnel-shaped infundibulum
Ovum enters here after ovulation
Ovum moves from infundibulum toward uterus
Fertilization must occur during first 12–24 hours of its passage from infundibulum to uterus
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

48. Female Reproductive System
What is the Uterus?
Protects and supports developing embryo
Regions
Body
Cervix
Uterine cavity
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

49. Female Reproductive System
What is the Uterus? (cont’d)
Wall components
Endometrium
Lining of cavity
Myometrium
Smooth muscle layer
Perimetrium
Serous covering
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

50. Female Reproductive System
The Uterus
Figure 19-11

51. Female Reproductive System
What is the Uterine Cycle?
Also called, menstrual cycle
Typically, 28 days long
Begins with
Onset of menses
Loss of the functional zone of endometrium
Lasts one to seven days
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

52. Female Reproductive System
What is the Uterine Cycle? (cont’d)
Proliferative phase follows menses
Repair, growth of functional zone of endometrium
Secretory phase follows
Uterus prepared for embryo
Menarche—First menses
Menopause—Cycles stop
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

53. Female Reproductive System
What is The Vagina?
Muscular tube between uterus and external genitalia
Partially blocked by hymen
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

54. Female Reproductive System
What are the Functions of the Vagina?
Release menstrual fluid
Receive penis during intercourse
Hold semen after ejaculation
Passageway for fetus during birth
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

55. Female Reproductive System
What is the External Genitalia?
Also called, vulva
Components of vulva
Vestibule
Labia minora
Clitoris
Labia majora
Mons pubis
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

56. Female Reproductive System
The Female External Genitalia
Figure 19-12

57. Female Reproductive System
What are the Mammary Glands?
Located within the breast
Produce milk to nourish the baby
Stimulated by hormones
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

58. Female Reproductive System
Mammary Gland of the Left Breast
Figure 19-13

59. Female Reproductive System
What are the Hormones and the Reproductive Cycle?
Estradiol—The estrogen that dominates follicular phase of ovarian cycle
Progesterone—The progestin that dominates luteal phase of ovarian cycle
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

60. Female Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle
Figure 19-14

61. Female Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle
Figure 19-14(a)

62. Female Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle
Figure 19-14(b)

63. Female Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle
Figure 19-14(c)

64. Female Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle
Figure 19-14(d)

65. Female Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle
Figure 19-14(e)

66. Female Reproductive System
Key Note
Cyclic changes in FSH and LH levels are responsible for the maintenance of the ovarian cycle; the hormones produced by the ovaries in turn regulate the uterine cycle.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

67. Physiology of Sexual Intercourse
What is the Male Sexual Function?
Arousal
Erotic thoughts, sensations lead to parasympathetic activity
Erection
Sympathetic activity increases blood flow into erectile tissues of penis
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

68. Physiology of Sexual Intercourse
What is the Male Sexual Function? (cont’d)
Ejaculation
Orgasm
Associated with strong contractions
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69. Physiology of Sexual Intercourse
What is the Female Sexual Function?
Phases of sexual arousal similar to the male
Parasympathetic activity during arousal
Clitoral erection
Muscular contraction associated with orgasm
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

70. Reproductive System and Aging
What is Menopause?
Time when menstruation and ovulation cease
Normally occurs about age 50
Production of sex steroids drops
Estrogen, progesterone
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

71. Reproductive System and Aging
What is The Male Climacteric?
Onset at about age 50–60
Hormone levels change
Testosterone levels drop
Sperm quantity and quality decline
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings