1. Chapter 34 Human Reproduction
Reaves 16-17

2. Reproductive Anatomy

3. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy You will need: 34.1 power notes
Color pencils
Text book

4. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy Reproduction System
Reproductive system: collection of specialized organs, glands and hormones that help to produce a new human being.
Puberty: hypothalamus and pituitary gland release hormones that begin the process of developing your sexual characteristics and reproductive system

5. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy Female Reproduction System
There are two main functions of the female reproductive system.
produce ova, or egg cells
provide a place where a zygote develops
uterus
cervix
rectum
vagina
urethra
urinary bladder
pubic bone
ovary
fallopian
tube

6. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy Female Reproduction System
Female reproductive organs are all INTERNAL
To protect a fertilized egg while it develops
Eggs (ova) are produced in the ovaries
Uterus (womb)– in between the 2 ovaries
When a female is born- she already has
about 2 million potential egg cells stored
in her ovaries!!
uterus
cervix
rectum
vagina
urethra
urinary bladder
pubic bone
ovary
fallopian
tube

7. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy Female Reproduction System
In the ovaries:
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulate the release of estrogen
Estrogen – steroid hormone - has three main functions:
develop female sexual characteristics
widening of the pelvis
increasing fat deposits and bone mass
enlarging breasts
develop eggs
prepare uterus for pregnancy every month and maintain a pregnancy when it occurs

8. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy Female Reproduction System
When an egg cells matures each month…
Released from ovary
Enters fallopian tube-10 cm long, connects ovary to uterus
Egg takes several days to travel through
Can only be fertilized by sperm in the fallopian tube
Fertilized egg: will attach to wall of uterus
Unfertilized egg: will be broken down and discarded

9. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy Female Reproduction System
Uterus
Size and shape of a pear
3 layers:
thin layer of epithelial cells
thick middle layer of muscle
outer layer of connective tissue
Lower end of uterus = cervix: opens
into vagina

10. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy Male Reproduction System
There are two main functions of the male reproductive system.
produce sperm cells
deliver sperm to the female
reproductive system

11. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy Male Reproduction System
Males do not produce sperm cells until puberty- but then can produce them their entire lives
Sperm production occurs in the testicles (testes)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates release of testosterone
Testosterone has two main functions.
developing male sexual characteristics (deeper voice, more body hair, greater bone density, increased muscle mass)
producing sperm

12. Testes are enclosed in a pouch called the scrotum
34.1 Reproductive Anatomy Male Reproduction System
Testes are enclosed in a pouch called the scrotum
Hangs below the pelvis on the outside of body
Keeps testes 2-3 degrees cooler than the core body temp.
Allows sperm to develop
Immature sperm leave testes through epididymis (long, coiled tube)- place where sperm mature and stay until expelled or reabsorbed.

13. During sexual stimulation-
34.1 Reproductive Anatomy Male Reproduction System
During sexual stimulation-
Sperm travel into another long duct= vas deferens
Other sex glands secrete fluids into the vas deferens to nourish and protect the sperm
Prostate gland (surround urethra) produces a fluid that helps sperm move more easily
Bulbourethral gland & seminal vesicle- secrete basic fluids to help neutralize the acidity in urethra and in female’s vagina
Semen= fluid from these 3 glands together with sperm

14. Human reproductive processes depend on cycles of hormones.

15. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing
34.2 Reproductive Process Eggs Mature and are Released
Production of Eggs
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing
hormone (LH) regulate egg production.
meiosis produces eggs and polar bodies
each egg has 23 chromosomes
meiosis is completed at fertilization

16. FSH, LH, and estrogen stimulate the release of eggs.
34.2 Reproductive Process Eggs Mature and are Released
Release of Eggs
FSH, LH, and estrogen stimulate the release of eggs.
follicle ruptures at ovulation
egg travels into fallopian tube
ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum
fallopian
tube
5 to 7 days to uterus
follicle
ovary
egg cell
egg released
uterine wall
corpus luteum

17. The menstrual cycle has three phases.
34.2 Reproductive Process Eggs Mature and are Released
The menstrual cycle has three phases.
flow phase: endometrium sheds
follicular phase: ovulation occurs
luteal phase: corpus luteum forms

18. The menstrual cycle stops at menopause.
34.2 Reproductive Process Eggs Mature and are Released
The menstrual cycle stops at menopause.
cycle continues until a woman’s mid-40’s or 50’s
decline in hormone levels make cycles irregular
eventually, cycle stops altogether

19. 34.2 Reproductive Process Sperm Production
Testosterone, FSH, and LH stimulate sperm production.
one sex cell divides into four sperm
each sperm has 23 chromosomes
Sperm cells fully mature in the epididymis.
head contains acrosome
midpiece contains ATP
tail allows mobility
potential
sperm
4 sperm cells
Meiosis I
Meiosis II

20. 34.2 Reproductive Process Fertilization
Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell joins an egg cell.
Sperm penetrates an egg.
membrane keeps out other sperm
nucleus of sperm joins with egg
zygote formed

21. Multiple zygotes can result from fertilization.
identical twins from the same egg
fraternal twins from two separate eggs
Infertility makes reproduction difficult or impossible.