1. 6th Grade Life Science Miss Sauer
ENERGY
6th Grade Life Science
Miss Sauer

2. VIDEOS Bill Nye The Science Guy – Simple Machines
Bill Nye The Science Guy – Gravity
Brian Cox visits the world's biggest vacuum chamber
(4:41)

3. VIDEOS
Newton's First Law of Motion (5:18) Newton's Second Law of Motion (5:04) Newton's Third Law of Motion (4:38) What's Newton's Laws say? (What does a fox say) (3:38)

4. CHAPTER 16, Lesson 1:
Main Idea: Energy takes many forms. Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Matter: is a basic component of the Universe. Anything that takes up space and has mass.

5. Energy: is a basic component of the Universe. Ability to do work.

6. Joule: A unit of measurement for energy and work.

7. Newton’s First Law:
Newton’s First Law of Motion explains what happens to objects that are at rest or are moving. An object at rest will remain at rest unless a force acts on it and an object in motion will continue to move at a constant speed in the same direction if no forces act on it. (Newton’s First Law of Motion is also called the Principle of Inertia).

9. Force: a push or a pull that acts on an object.

10. Inertia: the tendency for an object to resist change in motion.
Examples: kicking a soccer ball; pitching a baseball.

11. Potential Energy: Stored energy.
Kinetic Energy: the energy of motion. (anything that is moving has kinetic energy)

12. Examples of Kinetic Energy:
Thermal is related to the random movement of particles in matter.
Electricity is caused by the movement of electrons.
Sound energy is carried by waves.

13. Potential Energy can be converted to Kinetic Energy & Kinetic Energy can be converted to Potential Energy.
Energy is constantly changing from potential to kinetic and back again.

14. When an object is lifted up, it gains gravitational potential energy
When an object is lifted up, it gains gravitational potential energy. If the object falls, that potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.
Springs can have elastic potential energy.

15. Nuclear energy is the most powerful form of energy.
Nuclear energy is released in a nuclear reaction, when nuclei of atoms of one element are changed into nuclei of atoms of a different element.

16. Nuclear Energy: energy that holds an atomic nucleus together.

17. Fusion: a nuclear reaction in which small nuclei join together to form new nuclei.
(Example – stars are powered by nuclear fusion)
Large amounts of energy are released. The extreme temperatures and pressures in the cores of stars allow fusion reactions to take place.

18. Fission: a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei split and release energy.
(Example – nuclear power plants: splitting nuclei of uranium or plutonium to release energy)
The heat generated from fission in a nuclear power plant is used to turn water into steam. The steam is then used to generate electricity.

19. HINT: FISSION has 2 s’s FUSION has 1 s
Fission is a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei SPLIT and release energy. (SPLIT – 2 “S’S”)
Fusion is a nuclear reaction in which small nuclei JOIN together to form a new nuclei. (JOIN – 1 “S”)

20. CHAPTER 16, Lesson 3:
Main Idea: Heat is thermal energy transferred from warmer to cooler objects or regions. Thermal energy can be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation.

21. Thermal energy is the total amount of kinetic energy.
Recall that the particles in matter are in constant, random motion. Each particle has kinetic energy due to that random motion.

22. The average kinetic energy of the particles in an object determines the object’s temperature.
The total kinetic energy of all the particles in the object due to the random motion is the object’s thermal energy.
The total amount of thermal energy depends on the mass (more mass – more thermal energy).

23. Temperature:
The change in temperature for a given amount of heat absorbed is a physical property of a material.

24. Heat: is the transfer of thermal energy
Heat: is the transfer of thermal energy. Thermal energy that is transferred from a warmer object to a cooler object.
When the temperature is hot, the particles move faster.
When the temperature is cool, the particles move slower.

25. Whenever 2 objects with different temperatures come in contact, the faster-moving particles in the warmer object will transfer some of their energy to the slower-moving particles in the cooler object.

26. This heat transfer will continue until eventually, the objects reach a thermal equilibrium which means that they will have the same temperature & no further heat will be transferred.

27. Thermal Equilibrium: when neighboring objects are the same temperature.

28. Conduction: energy transfer by particle collisions.
Direct contact is required!
Example: putting a metal ladle in a pot of boiling water, the bottom part of the ladle will be in contact with the pot and boiling water. Thermal energy is transferred from the hot pot & the boiling water to the cooler ladle through conduction. The handle of the ladle will become hot even though it was not actually in the water.

29. Conduction - (DIRECT CONTACT).
Conduction is the transfer of heat from one molecule to another through a substance.

30. (the “v” reminds us of the arrows)
Convection: the transfer of thermal energy by mass movement of particles in a liquid or a gas.
(the “v” reminds us of the arrows)
Warm Air
Rises
Because it’s
Less Dense
Cold Air
Sinks
Because it’s
More Dense

31. Convection:
Example: If you put a pan of water over a heat source, the water at the bottom of the pan will heat up first. This heated water expands, causing its density to decrease. Because the heated water has a lower density than the surrounding water, it rises to the top of the pan. Cooler, denser water at the top of the pan then sinks down to the bottom, where it is heated. This circulation of water throughout the pan is called a convection current. This circulation of water will continue as long as there are temperature differences in the pan.

32. Convection:

33. Radiation: when a substance emits electromagnetic waves that carry energy.
Example: Camp fire
RADIATION - (NO DIRECT CONTACT).

34. Conduction, Convection, & Radiation:

35. Conduction, Convection, & Radiation:

36. Conductor: material that conducts thermal energy or electrical charges well.
Good Conductors – metals
Insulator: a material that conducts thermal energy or electricity poorly.
Good Insulators – fabrics, plastics, wood
Some materials heat up and cool off at different rates due to their different heat capacities.

37. CHAPTER 19:
Newton’s Laws of Motion: First Law: describes inertia. The law states that without the action of a net force, an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion.

38. Inertia: resist any change in motion.
newton: unit of measurement used for the magnitude of force. (abbreviation is N)
Magnitude: size as well as direction.
Forces do not always cause a change in motion. The motion of the object will change only if a net force acts on it.

39. Friction: a force that opposes the motion of one surface against another.

40. Speed: is a measure of how fast position changes
Speed: is a measure of how fast position changes. Speed compares the change in distance to the change in elapsed time.
Speed = distance/time
Velocity: describes the speed and direction of a moving object.

41. Acceleration: change in motion; describes the rate at which velocity changes. (speed up or slow down)
a = v2-v1 / t
Frame of reference: is an object you choose to compare the motion of all other objects to.

42. Newton’s Second Law: the greater the force, the greater the acceleration for a given mass. It also shows that the greater the mass, the smaller the acceleration for a given force
(F = m x a).

43. Newton’s Second Law:

44. Newton’s Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction force; all forces come in pairs.

45. Gravity: causes objects to accelerate as they fall.
The force of gravity will be greater when the mass is greater.
The force of gravity will be greater when the distance is closer.

46. So, the closer an object is, the greater the gravitational pull.
And the larger an object is, the greater the gravitational pull.

47. Mass: is the amount of matter in an object
Mass: is the amount of matter in an object. The amount of matter in an object is the same whether it’s on Earth or in space.
Weight: is a force. It is the pull of gravity on a mass. An object’s weight depends on its location.

48. Work: a force that causes an object to move in the direction of the applied force.
W = Fd (Work = force x distance)

49. Simple machine: a device that changes the size and direction of the applied force. (Examples: levers, doorknobs, light switches, arms, legs)
Mechanical Advantage: is the amount by which the machine multiplies the applied force.
Efficiency (of a machine): is the ratio of work it does to the work put into it. No machine is 100% efficient.

50. 6 SIMPLE MACHINES:
Lever – is a simple machine that has an arm that moves around a pivot point called a fulcrum. There are different kinds of levers based on the positions of the fulcrum, effort, and resistance.

51. Wheel and axle – is a simple machine that is made up of a wheel attached to a shaft or axle; turning the wheel turns the axel (Example doorknob).

52. Pulley – makes lifting easier; consists of a rope that is wound around the rim of a wheel. The effort force is applied at one end of the rope and a resistance force is attached to the other end.

53. Inclined Plane: a simple machine that is a ramp
Inclined Plane: a simple machine that is a ramp. This machine is a slope that reduces the amount of effort force required to move an object vertically. A ramp increase the distance the object is moved, however, because the effort force is applied over a longer distance, less force is required to do the same work.

54. Wedge: is two inclined planes put back to back
Wedge: is two inclined planes put back to back. A wedge changes an effort force into two forces and changes the direction of the force.

55. Screw: a long inclined plane wrapped around a shaft, like a circular ramp.

56. SIMPLE MACHINES:
WHEEL AND AXEL

57. Closure Questions What is force? What is inertia? What is energy?
What is matter?
What is friction?
What is gravity?
What is the difference between mass and weight?
What is velocity?
What is a simple machine?
Be able to identify each simple machine and label.

58. Closure Questions State Newton’s 1st Law of Motion?
State Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion?
State Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion?
What is the difference between fission and fusion?
What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?
What is the formula for speed?
What is the formula for acceleration?
What is the formula for work?

59. Closure Questions Be able to solve word problems for speed?
Be able to solve word problems for work?
Be able to solve word problems for acceleration?
What is a Newton?