1. Auxiliary Verbs ( or Helping Verbs)

2. Verbs Time is often important when describing an action or state:
Was the action a single “event” (perhaps repeated)
Did it happen in the past?
Is it happening now?
Will it happen in the future?
Is the action on-going or continuous? either now or at some important point in time?
Is the action completed? either now or at some important point in time?
Was there a period of time associated with the action?
Verbs contain this information: tenses
English has 12 tenses

3. Background
Three different ways our various languages communicate the time portion of the actions (or states)
Conjugation -> change the form of the verb
Ex: “I run around the park.” verses “I ran around he park.”
Ex: “I walk around the park.” verses “I walked around the park.”

4. Background
Three different ways our various languages tell when the actions (or states) occur
Conjugation -> change the form of the verb
Ex: “I walk around the park.” verses “I walked around the park.”
Context -> Surrounding words make meaning clear
Ex: Languages without a future tense, say: “Tomorrow, I walk around the park.”

5. Background
Three different ways our various languages tell when the actions (or states) occur
Conjugation -> change the form of the verb
Context -> Surrounding words make meaning clear
Using Auxiliary (or Helping) Verbs -> use of additional specific verbs to provide the information
Ex: I will walk around the park (tomorrow).
Most languages use all three, but to different degrees

6. Background
English uses all three, but uses auxiliary verbs far more than most other languages (especially Arabic, Japanese, and Chinese)
Conjugation -> English has 5 verbs forms
Auxiliary (or Helping verbs) -> English has two types:
Primary
Modal
Context -> English uses context for information other than the normal tense information (adverbial type information)

7. Background
English uses all three, but uses auxiliary verbs far more than most other languages (especially Arabic, Japanese, and Chinese)
Conjugation -> English has 5 verbs forms
Auxiliary (or Helping verbs) -> English has two types:
Primary
Modal
Context -> English uses context for information beyond the normal tense information (adverbial type information)
English has no gender agreement; only person and number

8. Helping (or Auxiliary) Verbs
We use helping verbs with a main verb.
The main verb has the real meaning,
The helping verbs "help" clarify or sharpen the meaning of the main verb or modify its meaning slightly.
Ex: I have been studying my biology notes for three hours.

9. Helping (or Auxiliary) Verbs
We use helping verbs with a main verb.
The main verb has the real meaning,
The helping verbs "help" clarify or sharpen the meaning of the main verb or modify its meaning slightly.
Ex: I have been studying my biology notes for three hours.
Helping Verbs are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much by themselves.

10. Helping (or Auxiliary) Verbs
We use helping verbs with a main verb.
The main verb has the real meaning,
The helping verbs "help" clarify or sharpen the meaning of the main verb or modify its meaning slightly.
Helping Verbs are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much by themselves.
There are not very many helping verbs in English; but we use them a lot.

11. Helping Verbs - Primary
There are primary 3 verbs
To be: am, are, is, was, were, been, being, be
To do: do, does, did, done, doing
To have: have, has, had, having
Caution: these can also be used as main verbs
I did my homework yesterday.
I have a large garden every summer.

12. Helping Verbs - Uses be (am, are, is, was, were, be, being, been)
to make the passive voice
Ex: The balloon was exploded in mid-air.
to make continuous tenses -> express the idea of an on-going activity
Ex: He is watching TV. -> He is doing it right now
Ex: He watches TV > Fact or habit

13. Helping Verbs - Uses have (has, had)
to make perfect tenses -> a completed action or event as of a specific point in time; order of actions or events is being expressed
Ex: I have finished my homework.
Ex: I will have finished my homework by tomorrow morning.

14. Helping Verbs - Uses do (does, did) to ask questions to show emphasis
Do you run in the rain?
Add the appropriate form of “do”; and invert the subject and the “do” helping verb
to show emphasis
“I do run in the rain.”
to stand for a main verb in some constructions
I don’t run in the rain like she does. (i.e, runs)
to make negatives (except for “to be” verbs)
‘I do not run in the rain.’ is the negation of “I run in the rain.’
Add the appropriate form of “do” followed by “not”

15. Negating Verbs – Other Approaches
Making negatives with “to be” verbs
Simply add not after the verb
Ex: I am not going with them.
He is not a good teacher.
Other verbs
Add the appropriate form of “do” followed by “not”
‘I do not run in the rain.’ is the negation of “I run in the rain.’
Use the word never before the verb
I never run in the rain.
He never thought about going to the store.

16. I Corinthians 13:4-8 (p 1148)
4Love is patient and kind. Love is not jealous or boastful or proud 5or rude. Loves does not demand its own way. Love is not irritable, and it keeps no record of when it has been wronged. 6It is never glad about injustice but rejoices whenever the truth wins out. 7Love never gives up, never loses faith, is always hopeful, and endures through every circumstance. 8 Love will last forever, … 13There are three things that will endure – faith, hope, and love – and the greatest of these is love.

18. Background
Three different ways our various languages provide information about the actions or states that verbs describe
Conjugation -> change the form of the verb
Ex: “I run around the park.” verses “I ran around he park.”
Ex: “I walk around the park.” verses “I walked around the park.”
Context -> Surrounding words make meaning clear
Ex: Languages without a future tense, say: “Tomorrow, I walk around the park.”
Auxiliary (or Helping verbs) -> use of additional specific verbs to provide the information
Ex: I will walk around the park (tomorrow).
Most languages use all three, but to different degrees

19. Background
English uses all three, but uses auxiliary verbs far more than most other languages (especially Arabic, Japanese, and Chinese)
Conjugation -> English has 5 verbs forms
Auxiliary (or Helping verbs) -> English has two types:
Primary
Modal
Context -> English uses context for information beyond the normal tense information (adverbial type information)
English has no gender agreement; only person and number

20. Helping Verbs - Uses be (am, are, is, was, were, be, being, been)
to make the passive voice
Ex: The balloon was exploded in mid-air.
to make continuous tenses -> express the idea of an on-going activity
Ex: He is watching TV. -> He is doing it right now
Ex: He watches TV > Fact or habit
have (has, had)
to make perfect tenses -> a completed action or event as of a specific point in time; order of actions or events is being expressed
Ex: I have finished my homework.
Ex: I will have finished my homework by tomorrow morning.

21. Helping Verbs - Uses do (does, did)
to make negatives (except for “to be” verbs)
“I do not run in the rain.” is the negation of “I run in the rain.’
Add the appropriate form of “do” followed by “not”
to ask questions
Do you run in the rain?
Add the appropriate form of “do”; and invert the subject and the “do” helping verb
to show emphasis
“I do run in the rain.”
to stand for a main verb in some constructions
“I don’t run in the rain like she does.” (i.e, runs)

22. Negating Verbs – Other Approaches
Making negatives with “to be” verbs
Simply add not after the verb
Ex: She is not going with us. Or He is not a good teacher.
Other verbs
Add the appropriate form of “do” followed by “not”
Use the word “never” before the verb
Ex: “I never run in the rain.” Or “He never thought about it.”

23. Helping Verbs – Usage Guidelines
A helping verb always stands in front of a main verb: Martin can ride his brother's bicycle.
The helping verb is can and the main verb is ride.
More than one helping verb can be used in a sentence: Robert has been riding his bicycle.
The helping verbs are has and been.
The main verb is riding.

24. Helping Verbs – Usage Guidelines
Sometimes a word or words separate the helping verb from the main verb:
Andrew does not want a new bicycle.
The helping verb is does and the main verb is want.
I do not completely understand why the car will not start.
The helping verbs are do and will and the main verbs are understand and start (respectively).

25. I Corinthians 13:4-8
4Love is patient and kind. Love is not jealous or boastful or proud 5or rude. Loves does not demand its own way. Love is not irritable, and it keeps no record of when it has been wronged. 6It is never glad about injustice but rejoices whenever the truth wins out. 7Love never gives up, never loses faith, is always hopeful, and endures through every circumstance. 8 Love will last forever, … 13There are three things that will endure – faith, hope, and love – and the greatest of these is love.