1. Dental Manpower

2. Dental Manpower
The primary objectives of dental manpower program should be to provide as promptly as national resources permit a legally and educationally qualified workforce to provide primary dental health care for total population.

3. %Population in capital
International Manpower Variation:
The availability of dental services within a country varies considerably.
%Population in capital
% dentist in capital
No. of dentist
Country 25 63
117
Jamaica 15 81
176
Guatemala 12 79 19
Senegal 4 52 35
Kenya 8
378
Thailand

4. International Manpower Variation:
Example in Guatemala, 81% of the dentist practiced in the capital city which contained 15% of the population a variation in availability are almost universal.
The main reason for the maldistribution is variation in pattern of dental demand among the population.

5. International Manpower Variation:
Example in England, there is evidence that more dentist tend to practice in areas where there are higher proportion of people of higher socioeconomic status.
This tendency explain the wide differences in urban and rural dentist – population ratio even in regions with good overall ratios.
Thus in Ontario – Canada, where the dentist population ratio was 1:2.432
some rural areas had a ratio of 1:

6. Growth trends in supply of dental manpower
Because of the population growth, the number of new dentist qualifying should continue to increase if only to keep up with the increase of population.
Added to that the manpower needed to cope with increase in demand associated with improved education and economic status. There has been an increase in the total number of dentists but the increase is not keeping up with the trend in population growth.

7. Growth trends in supply of dental manpower
In Canada, the rate of increase in population growth over the last four decades has been greater than the rate of increase in the number of dentist, this percentage was 65% and 39.9% respectively.
The decline in dental caries in many countries of the Western World has an important implication, for dental education and manpower requirement that many countries close some of dental schools and others decreases the number of graduate dental students.

8. Productivity of Dentist:
Perhaps the most important variable having an effect on the dentist component of the dentist : population ratio (D:P) is productivity.
Productivity is difficult to measure but it is known that the productivity will decrease with increasing age.
Thus the older members of the profession. The less productivity they will be.
This is due to the reduction in manual dexterity and the physically exerting nature of dental practice which lead to reduction of hours worked.
This planning should be a continuing and not sporadic process and it requires continuous monitoring and evaluation of manpower requirements.

9. In general dental health manpower planning involves:
The analysis and projection of dental health needs and demands for services by the population such data are obtained by epidemiological surveys and treatment records.
The assessment of present dental health manpower availability and the analysis of its pattern of utilization.
The formulation of policy.
The estimation of future manpower requirement and of relevant education and training needs in the light of the overall dental health planes, whatever is going to be used, the following information will be required:

10. 1. Futures of national and regional profile:
Essential profile include:
* Population in their growth rate, distribution (urban, rural density), total population.
* School age population.
Economic include socioeconomic status, source of funds for health.
Political factors include government attitude towards and responsibility for health services, level of authority of dental administrator, prevalent status of dentistry self or government employed.

11. 1. Futures of national and regional profile:
Communication by transport, distance between centers.
Demographic data which include ethnic group ( negro, whites), educational level, cultural aspects religion.
Dental disease pattern.
Present manpower include distribution, availability, general educational standard.

12. 2. Desirable profile:
Feature which any plan would desire but which is when unavailable do not stop planning
e.g., estimation of malocclusion, teeth mobility, detailed epidemiological data about dental caries and periodontal disease, level of oral hygiene.

13. Dentist Population Ratio:
This method is that of choice in most countries for estimating manpower requirements.
The method is by establishment of a ratio of dentist to population.
This ratio will vary widely between various countries and will even vary between different sections of the same country.
The ratio will vary also with social, economical, educational characteristic of the country and must be considered as a rough guide.
1: 900
Sweden
1: 3300
U.K.
1: 2000
U.S. 1:
Zambia 1:
Uganda

14. The decrease in productivity is reflected by the drop in earning although the reduction of hours worked may be gradual.
Decreasing productivity with increasing age can lead to manpower problem
where the large segment of the dental manpower in a country or area with a high proportion of older dentist will be at a disadvantage in terms of productivity (also % of woman professional).

15. Utilization of dental manpower:
Analysis shows that the different patterns of utilization and the supply of dental health manpower are crucially linked, area with the greatest shortage of dental manpower have the poorest utilization of dental services, as reflected by under employment, poor geographic distribution, emigration, early retirement.
A clear picture of the existing structure requires a scrutiny of the whole problem of productivity in the dental health care system in general and of the pattern of dental health care and of dental manpower utilization in particular.

16. Utilization of dental manpower:
Dental productivity is often related to quantity of work carried out and in dental terms to number of teeth filled, extracted and replaced, these measures differ in principle from those used in estimating productivity of other health workers as there productivity is measured by the reduction in infant mortality, increase in life expectancy, decrease in numbers of persons with special infectious disease as well as numbers of patients treated.

17. Utilization of dental manpower:
A more rational measure of dental productivity therefore should include information on reduction dental caries incidence and prevalence, reduction in numbers of extracted teeth and the increase in the percentage of the population with a complete natural dentition (caries free).
Manpower productivity takes into account not only the amount of disease prevented or treated but the level of training of the worker carrying out the procedures.

18. Utilization of dental manpower:
Productivity is improved when functions are delegated from one level of performance to a lower one and by substitution of jobs.
The higher skills are more experience and take longer to acquire, ideally therefore each level of skill should be used only for tasks appropriate to it, this involves the use of ancillaries for certain tasks carried out by professional personal.

19. Policy formulation for dental health manpower planning:
Health manpower planning defined as the process of estimating the number of person and the kind of knowledge, skills and attitudes.
They need to achieve predetermined health status objectives, such planning also involved specifying who is going to do what, when, where, how and with what resources for what population groups or individuals that the knowledge and skills necessary for adequate performance can be made available according to predetermined policies and time schedules.

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