1. BIOCERAMICS MATERIALS FOR THE FUTURE
AWADESH KUMAR MALLIK
MF2004, MRC, IISc, BANGALORE, INDIA.

2. Medical devices and implants are among the modern marvels that alleviate pain and suffering, as well as prolong and add to the quality of life
Degenerative joint disease is recognised as an increasing problem for society, a direct result of an ageing population ( as life expectancy is increasing )
Increasing stress level of modern life-style leads to heart diseases. Heart valve disease has a devastating impact worldwide.
Unhealthy life style increases the risk of cancer
Social problem faced by anopthalmic human patients

3. Like information technology, healthcare technologies will depend heavily on developments in materials and their processing
MF2004, MRC, IISc, BANGALORE, INDIA.

4. BEHAVIOR OF CERAMIC INSIDE THE HUMAN BODY
Type of Attachment
Type of Bioceramic
Dense, nonporous, almost inert ceramics attach by bone ingrowth into the surface irregularities, by cementing the device into the tissue, or by press fitting into a defect (morphological fixation)
Alumina, Zirconia
For porous inplant bone ingrowth occurs, which mechanically attaches the bone to the material (biological fixation)
Porous Hydroxyapetite, Hydroxyapatite coated porous metals.
Surface-reactive ceramics, glasses, and glass-ceramics attach directly by chemical bonding with the bone ( bioactive fixation)
Bio-active glass, Bio-active Glass-ceramics, Dense Hydroxyapatite
Resorbable ceramics and glasses in bulk or powder form designed to be slowly replaced by bone
Calcium Sulfate, Tricalcium Phosphate, Calcium phosphate salts, Bioactive glasses
MF2004, MRC, IISc, BANGALORE, INDIA.

5. DIVERSE FUNCTIONS OF BIOCERAMICS
Joint Prostheses
Low Co-efficient of Friction for Lubricating Surfaces
Surfaces on heart valves, Thromboresistence
Materials that stimulate bone growth
Harness radioactive species for therapeutic treatments
MF2004, MRC, IISc, BANGALORE, INDIA.

6. Worldwide Orthopaedic Product Sales: By Market Segment and Geographic Region (US$ Billions)
Explanation of market segments
Reconstructive Devices: hip, knee, shoulder, elbow, wrist, ankle and digit implants
Fracture Fixation: internal (plates, screws, nails, pins, wires) fixation and external fixation products
Spinal Implants/Instrumentation: internal fixation devices and disectomy and vertebroplasty products
Arthroscopy/Soft Tissue repair: scopes, cameras, instruments, soft tissue implants and repair kits
Orthobiologics: bone graft substitutes, allograft, autogenous bone and soft tissue replacement products and viscoelastics
Other Products: power equipment, casting materials, soft goods, bracing systems, bone growth stimulators, maxillofacial fixation products, diagnostics, cement and cement mixing/delivery systems, infection control equipment, pulsed lavage/irrigation systems, continuous passive motion machines, etc.
Product Segment
U.S.
Ex-U.S.
Total
Change vs 1999
Reconstructive Devices
$ 2.4
$ 4.9 9%
Fracture Fixation
$ 0.7
$ 1.4
Spinal
$ 1.0
$ 0.5
$ 1.5
16%
Implants/Instrumentation/Arthroscopy/Soft tissue repair
$ 0.8
$ 0.4
$ 1.2
12%
Orthobiologocs
$ 0.2
44%
Other Products
$ 2.0
$ 1.1
$ 3.0 8%
Total Market
$ 7.0
$ 5.3
$ 13.1
MF2004, MRC, IISc, BANGALORE, INDIA.

7. DENTAL CERAMICS Teeth functional environment
Material
Flexural Strength (MPa)
Fracture Toughness(MPa.m-2)
Porcelains
Feldspathic Leucite
60-110
1.1
1.2
Glass Ceramics
Lab Cast/Cerammed premade/HIP
1.9
2.0
Alumina
Alumina/Glass infilttrated spinel/glass infiltrated
2.4
Tooth Structures
Dentine
Enamel
16-20
65-75
2.5
1.0
Teeth functional environment
subject to larger temperature variations than most other parts, coping with the cold of ice (0°C) through to hot coffee and soups.
They also encounter pH changes in the range 0.5 to 8.
the stresses associated with chewing where cyclic stresses may vary from 20 to about 100MPa
Requirements of Dental Materials
Have to be stable in the environment described above
Have to be able to withstand the loads associated with chewing
Aesthetics: With society becoming increasingly self conscious, any dental materials that are used in visible locations must have color and translucency as close to natural teeth as possible.

8. QUANTUM DOTS DYE
CdSe quantum dots (QDs) are promising alternatives to organic dyes for biological labeling during long time period because of their bright fluorescence narrow emission, and high photostability. In the future, QDs could also be used as smart particles for diagnostic and therapeutic use in the body. However, concerns about the potential toxicity of Cd-containing nanoparticles are still there.

9. IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE
HA is used as orbital (eye) implant to replace an eye lost to disease or injury. Tissue and blood vessels grow into the porous ceramic and as muscles become attached to the orbital implant, mobility of the implant is synchronized with that of the normal eye. Once a polymer cap with an iris and a pupil is placed over the implant, it is often difficult to discern a difference in appearance and movement between the two eyes. This new development is expected to revolutionize the treatment procedure after enucleation /evisceration surgery and rehabilitation of the anopthalmic human patients.

10. BIONIC EYE
Macular Degeneration and Retinitis Pigmentosa: Malfunctioning of rods and cones cells (solar cells of eye)
Manufacturing an artificial replacement for millions of rods and cones
The first generation of artificial retinas consist of 100,000 tiny ceramic oxide microdetectors, each one twentieth the size of a human hair attached to a polymer film one millimetre by one millimetre in size. The film is designed to dissolve after a couple weeks, leaving the array in position on the retina.
immediate goal is to develop a functioning artificial retina with resolution that mimics human sensors
then attention can be brought to bear on colour vision
replacement of some of the interconnecting neural cells that lead to the optic nerve