1. Grammar
Parts of Speech

2. Nouns
A noun is the part of speech that names a person, place, thing or idea.
person – girl, man, James
place – school, forest, London
thing – salt, cat, Revolutionary War
idea – freedom, love, beauty

3. Nouns Common vs. Proper Chicago
A common noun is a general name for a person, place or thing.
A proper noun names a specific person, place or thing.
Proper nouns are capitalized.
Beyonce
Chicago

4. Nouns Singular vs. Plural
Singular nouns name one object.
Plural nouns name more than one object.
dog
dogs
house
houses
foot
feet
mouse
mice
hero
heroes

5. Pronouns Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns.
They help us avoid the awkward repetition of nouns.
I, we, me, him, her, his, it, you, they, us…
Weird: Michael lost Michael’s watch at the gym.
Not weird: Michael lost his watch at the gym.
The noun that the pronoun replaces is known as its antecedent.
A pronoun and its antecedent need to agree in number and gender.
Error: Michael lost her watch at the gym.
The student lost their homework.

6. Pronouns and Antecedents
The noun that the pronoun replaces is known as its antecedent.
A pronoun and its antecedent need to agree in number and gender.
Error: Michael lost her watch at the gym.
The student lost their homework.
Correct: Michael lost his watch at the gym.
The student lost his or her homework.
Or Students lose their homework.

7. Pronouns The person speaking (FIRST PERSON)
Pronouns refer to
The person speaking (FIRST PERSON)
I, me
The person spoken to (SECOND PERSON)
You
The person, place or thing being spoken about (THIRD PERSON)
He, she, it

8. Pronoun Cases Subject – the doer (subject) of the action
I throw the ball.
Object – the receiver (object) of the action
Throw the ball to me.
Possessive – shows ownership
My throw to third base won the game.

10. Pronouns Singular vs. Plural

11. Verbs
A verb is a word that shows an action, condition, or the fact that something exists.
An action verb tells what action someone or something is performing.
Mia learned about winter sports.
The dog runs across the road.

12. Verbs
A verb is a word that shows an action, condition, or the fact that something exists.
A linking verb connects the subject with a word in the predicate (a noun, pronoun or adjective that identifies or describes the subject).
Ex: Forms of To be : is, am, was, were, been, being
Verbs that Express Condition: look, appear, become, seem, feel, smell, remain
The man is a famous hockey player.
She seems like a nice girl.

13. Verbs
An auxillary or helping verb is often combined with a main verb to form a verb phrase.
The stadium is filled.
We should save a seat for Jeff.

14. Verb Tense Verb tenses let us know when the action happens.
Present Tense: I walk around my neighborhood.
Past Tense: I walked around the block.
Future Tense: I will walk to school tomorrow.

15. Verb Tense in Sentences
When writing, you need to stay in the SAME verb tense.
Incorrect: I got home late and Mom yells at me for not calling to let her know where I will be.
I got home = past tense
Mom yells = present tense
where I will be = future tense
Correct: I got home late and Mom yelled at me for not calling to let her know where I had been.
This sentence is now written in one tense. Which tense is it?

16. Regular / Irregular Verbs
Regular verbs have a certain pattern.
I jump rope. I jumped rope last week. I have jumped rope many times.
Irregular verbs do not always follow a pattern. You simply have to know them.
The grass grows. Yesterday, the grass grew. It has grown a lot this week.
I take the picture. I took the picture yesterday. I have taken a lot of pictures.

17. Regular / Irregular Verbs
Some irregular verbs sound the same, but do not follow the same pattern.
Present Past Many times (I have)
sink sank sunk
shrink shrank shrunk
think thought thought
sing sang sung
ring rang rung
bring brought brought

18. Adjectives
An adjective is a word that describes (or modifies) a noun or a pronoun.
Adjectives can tell us
What kind? – red, large, dark, beautiful
How many? – eleven, etc.
How much? – few, several, many
Which one? – this, that

19. What am I?
A word can be identified as different parts of speech depending on how it is used.
I bought a can of paint. (NOUN)
I painted the bathroom wall. (VERB)
The house is painted. (ADJECTIVE)

20. Adverbs An adverb is a word that describes (or modifies)
a verb,
an adjective,
or another adverb.
Adverbs answer the questions
Where? (here)
When? (yesterday, tomorrow, soon)
How? (quickly, silently, magnificently)
To what extent? (very, really, completely, only)
Many, but not all, adverbs end in –ly.
quickly, suddenly, quietly, carefully

21. Prepositions
A preposition is a word that shows how a noun or pronoun relates to another part of the sentence.
Examples: in, on, by, with, to, for, toward, etc.
Prepositions can show direction, location, time, cause or possession.

22. Prepositions of… Time Place At, on, in, during…
Lunch is served at 12:00pm.
My birthday is on Wednesday.
She likes to jog in the morning.
Easter is in April.
Dad watches TV during the evening.
Place
At, on, in, by, under, over, below, above…
He threw the ball over the roof.
She lives near school.
The cat hid underneath the couch.

23. Prepositions of… Direction to, from, by, down,
Mom took me to the store.
The sounds came from a radio.
Allegiant is written by Veronica Roth.
More prepositions: Of, as, through, because of, according to, without, between, around,, after, into, up, until, …

24. Prepositional Phrase
A prepositional phrase consists of a PREPOSITION and its OBJECT, and any modifiers of the object.
Mom took me to the store.
The cat hid underneath the couch.
She likes to jog in the morning.
Jazz is a modern form of music.

25. Adverb or Preposition???
Words can be identified as different parts of speech depending upon how they are used.
Example:
Preposition: She went inside the house.
Adverb: She went inside.
* If an object accompanies the word, it is being used as a preposition.

26. Prepositions in Sentences
When writing, you should try to avoid ending a sentence with a preposition.
Bad sentence: Notice the ease Carlos hits the ball with.
Good sentence: Notice the ease with which Carlos hits the ball.
Bad: I’m the one she’s sitting next to.
Good: She is sitting next to me.

27. Conjunctions
A conjunction is used to connect words or groups of words.
and, but, or, yet, etc.
Conjunction Junction

28. Coordinating Conjunctions
These are also known as FANBOYS.
They connect INDEPENDENT clauses (complete sentences)
For
And
Nor
But Or
Yet
So Don’t forget the comma!
I want to go to the beach, but it is going to rain.
Bob left early, so I left with him.

29. Conjunctive Adverbs --Also used to connect INDEPENDENT clauses
therefore however
nevertheless consequently
Notice that conjunctive adverbs are transitions when they are placed in the beginning of a sentence.
---Conjunctive adverbs required different punctuation: semi-colon in front of conjunctive adverb and a comma after it
Jakayla planned to go out tonight; however, she needed to finish her literary analysis essay first.

30. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions make one of the ideas subordinate to (secondary, less important) the second idea.
We protect the wetlands because they are important to our ecosystem.
As soon as the volunteers arrived, the cleanup work began.
after as long as since until
although before than unless
as even though so that when

31. Go to p. 26 in your grammar book.