1. ERT 216/4 HEAT & MASS TRANSFER Sem 2/ 2014-2015
Dr Akmal Hadi Bin Ma’ Radzi
School of Bioprocess Engineering
University Malaysia Perlis

2. INTRODUCTION
&
MECHANISM OF
HEAT TRANSFER

3. INTRODUCTION Relation of Heat Transfer to Thermodynamics
Why we should learn Heat and mass transfer?
Heat transfer?
The mechanism of heat transfer?

4. Relation of Heat Transfer to Thermodynamics
deals with systems in equilibrium
Predict the amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another
It may not be used to predict how fast the change will take place since the system is not in equilibrium during the process
Heat transfer supplements the first and second principles of thermodynamics used to establish energy transfer rate

5. Relation of Heat Transfer to Thermodynamics
In thermodynamic, Q are only state function (contain by system)  ∆Q
In energy transfer, Q are associated with a process (path function).  δQ
“energy transfer: energy can cross the boundries of a closed system only in the form of heat (Q) or work (W)”
V is a state function
W is a path function

6. Cooling of hot steel bar placed in a pail water
Relation of Heat Transfer to Thermodynamics
Example:
Cooling of hot steel bar placed in a pail water
THERMODYNAMIC predict the final equilibrium temperature of the steel bar-water combination.
HEAT TRANSFER  predict the temperature of both the bar and the water as a function of time also the temperature of the bar will be after a certain length of time.

7. Why we should learn Heat and Mass transfer?
“Transport phenomena is the basic chemical engineering unit operations. In simple term it deal with mass transfer, heat transfer and momentum transfer. [Broadkey & Hersey, 1988]”
“Transport phenomena deals with phenomena associated with energy transport (to predict heat exchange performance) mass transport (to describe separation process) and momentum transport (to yield prediction of pressure losses in piping system). [Thompson, 2000]”

8. Heat Transfer??
Heat is an energy transfer across a system boundary due to the temperature different between a system and its surroundings.
There are 3 mechanisms of heat transfer
(1) Conduction: Surface to surface
(2) Convection: Surface to air
(3) Radiation: Direct exchange across space

10. (1) Conduction Direct transfer of heat (surface to surface)
# Transfer is affected by the ability of the touching objects to conduct heat
Thermal conductivity, k
# expressed as W m-2 K-1
# It is a physical property for gas, liquid and solid

11. (1) Conduction
The heat is transferred as a result of the energy imparted between adjacent molecules.
Conduction also arises from the movement of free electrons in the metals which accounts for the high thermal conductivities
In fluids, it occurs as a result of the kinetic energy transfer between one molecule to another

12. (1) Conduction Fourier’s Law  Temperature different: T1 and T2 [K]
Thermal conductivity: k [W m-1 K-1]
Heat transfer area: A [m2]
Thickness of the material: x [m]
Heat transfer rate by conduction: qc [??]
Heat flux: q/A [??]
Since T2>T1, the heat flows from right to left

13. Fourier’s Law
Heat transfer by conduction from a high temperature region to the low temperature region
The driving force of this heat transfer is the temperature gradient

15. Fourier’s Law Example  The Resistance of heat flow: Rod diameter
Rod length
Rod material type
Temperature difference

16. Fourier’s Law Thermal conductivity, k
Experiment measurement made to determine the value of k (different material, different k)
The k value is a physical property of each solid, liquid and gas material
k is strongly temp-dependent
Unit W m-1 K-1

17. K of various materials at
0 °C 

18. Thermal conductivity, k
The numerical value of k indicates  how fast heat will flow in a given material.
If molecules move fasters (gas), the faster they will transport energy.
So, value of k depends on the molecules structure (gas, liquid or solid)

19. Thermal conductivity, k Gas
If temp. higher, the molecules have higher velocities
Molecules are in continuous random motion and will colliding with one another and exchanging the energy and momentum
The random motion of gas molecules happen whether/ not a temp. gradient exist in gas
If a molecules move from higher temp. region to low temp. region, it transport kinetic energy to lower temp. part of system (through collisions molecules)
The faster molecules move faster they will transport energy

20. Thermal conductivity, k 2) Liquid
The molecules are move closely space
Exchange energy in collision process
3) Solid
Thermal energy conducted in solid by 2 modes: lattice vibration and transport by free electron

21. Why we should know k of each material???
Thermal conductivity, k
Why we should know k of each material???
Because to design the equipment in process esp. in storage and transport.

22. (2) Convection
Transfer of heat between an object and air (Surface to air)
Transfer of heat by bulk transport and mixing of macroscopic elements of warmer portions with cooler portion in a gas or liquid
# Transfer is affected by
i) the speed with which the air is moving
ii) the ability of the object to conduct heat

23. (2) Convection
The velocity, u reduce to 0 at the plate as a result of viscous action. Because of that, heat must be transferred only by conduction at that point (wall).
Convection heat transfer depends on the viscosity and the thermal properties of the fluid (k, cp, ρ)
Viscosity influence the velocity profile
Boiling & condensation example of convection phenomena

24. (2) Convection
Temperature different between wall and fluid: Tw and Tf [K]
Convective heat transfer coefficient: hcv [W m-2 K-1]
Heat transfer area: A [m2]
Heat transfer rate by convection: qcv [??]
Heat flux: q/A [??]
Also referred to as the “Newton rate equation” or “Newton’s law of cooling”

25. Appproximate value of h 

26. (2) Convection Two types: Forced convection:
# Fluid is forced to flow past a solid surface by a mechanical means
(ii) Natural (free) convection:
# Heat circulation due to fluid density difference resulting from the temperature variation throughout a region of the fluid

27. (3) Radiation
Transfer of energy across the space by means of electromagnetic waves- in the same way as the electromagnetic light waves transmitting light (Direct exchange across space)

29. (3) Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation which is propagated because of temp. different called  thermal radiation
Ideal thermal radiation/ black body radiation, will emit energy at a rate proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temp. of the body and directly proportional to it’s surface area.
Black-body = Black surface (a piece of metal recovered with carbon black)
q emitted = σ A T4

30. (3) Radiation q emitted = σ A T4 q emitted = σ A (T14 – T24)
σ = x 10-8 W/m2.K4
Tefan-Boltzmann Law thermal radiation, it govern only radiation emitted by black-body
The net radiant exchange between 2 surface proportional to the different in absolute temperature to the fourth power
q emitted = σ A T4
q emitted = σ A (T14 – T24)

31. (3) Radiation
Emissivity, ϵ  relates the radiation on the ‘gray surface’
Not all the radiation leaving on surface will reach the other surface since electromagnetic radiation leaving straight line & some be lost to the surroundings. Because of that, 2 new factors will be considered (i) Fϵ: Emissivity function and (ii) FG: Geometric “view factor’ function

32. (3) Radiation Radiation in an enclosure
Simple radiation problem is encounter when a heat transfer surface at temp., T1 completely enclosed by a much large surface maintain at temp. T2. So that, the net radiant exchange:

33. Conclusion: Heat transfer mechanism
Heat transfer may take place by 1 or > of 3 mode of mechanism
“Situation: Heat conducted through the plate is removed from the plate surface by combination of convection & radiation.”
So, the energy balance;
Heat conducted through wall = Heat convection + Heat radiation

34. Conclusion: Heat transfer mechanism
Conduction and convection- heat transfer mechanism through a material medium. Therefore radiation mechanism through electromagnetic radiation (thermal radiation/black body radiation)

35. Identify the mechanism of heat transfer..

36. Heat Transfer in unit operation
Shell and tube heat exchanger

37. Heat Transfer in unit operation
Example of a chemical/bioprocess??
Factors affecting heat transfer rate??

38. Example 1:
One face of copper plate 3 cm thick is maintained at 400 °C, and the other face is maintained at 100 °C. How much heat is transferred through the plate?

39. Example 2:
Air at 20 °C blows over a hot plate 50 by 75 cm maintained at 250 °C. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2.K. Calculate the heat transfer.

40. Example 3.:
An electric current is passed through a wire 1 mm diameter and 10 cm long. The wire is submerged in liquid water at atmospheric pressure, and the current is increased until the water boils. For this situation h = 5000 W/m2.K, and the water temperature will be 100°C. How much electric power must be supplied to the wire to maintain the wire surface at 114 °C?

42. Example 4:
Two infinite black plates at 800 °C and 300 °C exchange heat by radiation. Calculated the heat transfer per unit area.

43. Exercise 1:
Calculate the rate of heat flow through a 0.5 m wide, 0.3 m high and 3 mm thick steel plate, having a thermal conductivity of 45 W/m.k when the temp. of the surface at x=0 is maintain at a constant temp. of 198 °C and its temp. at x=3 mm is °C.
Ans: kW

44. Example 4:
Two infinite black plates at 800 °C and 300 °C exchange heat by radiation. Calculated the heat transfer per unit area.
Ans: kW/m2

45. Assignment 1 Book: J.P. Homan 1) 1-1 2) 1-2 3) 1-3 4) 1-4 5) 1-10
6) 1-16
7) 1-19
8) 1-22
9) 1-29
10) 1-30

46. Heat conduction analysis
(1d and 3d)

47. Conduction Fourier’s Law  q : Heat transfer rate
: Temperature gradient in direction of the heat flow

48. Heat Conduction Analysis- 1D
1-D (plane wall)
So, the energy balance
Situation:
Consider general case where temp. changing with time & heat source present within the body.

50. Heat Conduction Analysis- 1D
General 1-Dimension Heat Conduction equation:

51. Heat Conduction Analysis-3D
1) Cartesian coordinates
So, the energy balance:

52. 1) Cartesian coordinates

53. Heat Conduction Analysis- 3D
General 3-Dimension Heat Conduction equation:
1) Cartesian coordinates
If, k = constant
: Thermal Diffusivity of the material

54. Thermal Diffusivity
# The larger value of α, the faster heat will diffuse through the material.
# So, α can be higher value if
i) Thermal conductivity, K  higher
ii) Thermal heat capasity, ρc  lower

55. Heat Conduction Analysis- 3D
3-Dimension Heat Conduction equation:
2) Cylindrical coordinates
3) Spherical coordinates

56. Heat Conduction Analysis- 3D
Cylinder Coordinates 
 Sphere Coordinates

57. Analysis: conclusion
All the general equation (1D & 3D): only used in special case
So for developments in future chapter can reduced form of the general equations for several cases of practical interest under specified conditions

58. Analysis: conclusion Steady-state 1D heat flow (no heat generation):
Steady-state 1D heat flow in cylinder coordinates (no heat generation):
Steady-state 1D heat flow with heat sources:
2D Steady-state conduction without heat sources: