1. Ch. 5
The
Industrial
Revolution
( )

2. Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Agricultural Revolution:
new innovations in the production of food: crop rotation
fed city-dwellers
the “enclosure movement” forced poor farmers off their land
Population:
England’s population swelled; more people = specialization of labor (you can do other things besides farming!)
more reliable food supplies and resistance to disease
higher percentage of children led to child labor

3. BRITAIN’S ADVANTAGES Natural resources: water; coal; iron ore; rivers
Investment in new inventions
Stable gov’t
Banking system
Peace
Factors of production: land, labor, capital (wealth)

5. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Textiles: wool, linen, cotton turned into clothing
Major Inventions:
John Kay: flying shuttle
James Hargreaves: spinning jenny
Richard Arkwright: water frame
Samuel Crompton: spinning mule
Ed Cartwright: power loom
Machines set up in factories: large buildings

6. Steam Engine:
1765 James Watt
Used to propel boats
and locomotives

7. The Factory Location of machines Near water at first, then
moved to cities

8. MACHINES
PRODUCE
MORE
GOODS
INCREASE IN
DEMAND FOR
EFFICIENT
PRODUCTION
MEANS GOODS
BECOME
CHEAPER
PEOPLE CAN
AFFORD

9. More Innovations Canals and steam engines on boats New roads
Railroads– the most important transportation innovation of the Industrial Age

11. Life During the Industrial Revolution

12. Growth of Cities
Urbanization: city building and the movement of people to cities
Where were factories built?

13. Living Conditions Cities lacked…
Plans (unpaved streets)
Sanitary codes (no drains, garbage in streets)
Adequate housing
Education
Police protection
Average life expectancy in Liverpool, England (1842)
Gentleman: 42 years
Tradesman: 22 years
Industrial worker: 15 years

14. Working Conditions 14 hours/day (6 or 7 a.m. to 8 p.m.)
½ hour for lunch and 1 hour for dinner
6 days/week
Dark, dirty factories
No safety regulations (injuries, black lung)
Luddites (1811)
Child labor:
Same long hours
Abuse
Injuries
Factory Act 1819

15. Environmental Impact
Air pollution
Toxic waste dumping into river

16. The Impact of the Industrial Revolution
New Industrial Cities
- poor were crammed into small cheap houses
- air pollution, dirty streets, contaminated water were problems
Rural Environments
- landscapes of industrialized were countries transformed
- deforestation , canals, and railroads made the biggest impact

17. Positive Impact Created jobs Contributed to the wealth of the nation
Fostered technological progress and invention
Increased production
Raised standard of living
Healthier diets
Better housing
Cheaper clothing

18. Class Divisions Lower class: workers
Lower middle class: factory overseers, skilled workers
Upper middle class: government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers of factories, mines, shops
Upper class:
“New money”: factory owners, merchants, investment bankers
“Old money”: landowners, aristocrats

19. WHICH IDEAS HELPED THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

20. THE "ISMS" OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
CAPITALISM– Economic system that helped the Industrial Revolution; on the side of business
Origins: since earliest buying and selling of goods
Who makes economic decisions?
Buyers and sellers; market

21. CAPITALISM AND INDUSTRY
Adam Smith believed in laissez-faire policies:
No gov’t interference w/ business
Smith’s ideas were foundation of Capitalism
3 Key Elements of the Free Market
Supply and demand; no regulation– the buyers and sellers determine prices
Self-Interest
Competition
ADAM SMITH

22. The Characteristics of Capitalism
Private ownership of property
Free enterprise: you can start a business or buy and sell anything you want to!
Competition among businesses
Freedom of choice
Possibility to make profits

23. Capitalism in the U.S.A. The American Ideals:
Each person knows what is best for him/her
Right of all persons to own private property
Economic freedom is part of political freedom
The U.S. has a mixed-market economy: free-enterprise combined with some gov’t intervention

24. Laissez-Faire Economics
Thomas Malthus
Population & food supply
Fewer children
Decrease charity & vaccines
David Ricardo
Increased wages won’t help
Cost of necessities constantly increase
Gov’t should not help poor
People should help themselves

25. RESPONSES TO CAPITALISM AND INDUSTRIALIZATION: UTILITARIANISM
JEREMY BENTHAM
JOHN STUART MILL

26. UTILITARIANISM Goals? What should government do to help workers?
How could voting help?

27. Economic and Social Systems that developed as a response to Capitalism and the effects of the Industrial Revolution:
SOCIALISM
COMMUNISM

28. SOCIALISM
Definition: system in which people as a whole rather than private individuals own some property and operate businesses Means of production: farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods

29. Socialism Three Key Elements:
Goal: To distribute wealth and economic opportunities equally among people
Three Key Elements:
Government controls most major decisions about production
Public ownership of the means of production: land, factories, etc.
(meaning, the gov’t has a say in most economic aspects “for the good of the people”)
3. Everything produced according to a rigid plan

30. Communism
Communism is one class in society-- no rich or poor; communal ownership of property, no gov’t
Command economy: state owns land, natural resources, industry, banks, media, etc.
Gov’t controls decisions about economy
No private property
Who’s in control?
Dictatorship of the Proletariat
Karl Marx:
“Workers of the world, unite!”
Class struggles b/t the “haves” (bourgeoisie)& the “have-nots” (proletariat)
Bourgeoisie (owners) exploit the Proletariat (workers)
Workers will overthrow capitalists (factory owners) in revolution
Marxism (same as communism)

31. Capitalism vs. Marxism (Communism)
Capitalist Ideas:
self-interest = progress
Private Property
Market economy aims to produce best products & lowest prices
Government should not interfere w/ the economy
Marxist Ideas:
History is an economic class struggle between the “haves” and the “have-nots”
Means of production owned by the community
Classless society = progress and harmony

32. The Political Spectrum

33. CHANGING SOCIETY
Reform Movements

34. Reform Movements: Unions
Unionization for factory workers:
Long hours, dangerous conditions, no benefits, no job security
Goals:
Raising wages & improving working conditions
Collective Bargaining:
Negotiations b/t workers & employers
Strike: if demands for better conditions/pay were refused, workers would strike

35. Reform Laws Factory Act of 1833: Child Labor
Illegal to hire kids under 9
9-12 yr olds couldn’t work over 8 hrs/day
13-17 no more than 12 hrs
1842 Mines Act: no children or women in mines
1847 Ten Hours Act of 1847: 10 hr work day

36. ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
Slave trade ended in British empire in 1807
Slavery in the empire ended in 1833
Slavery in the U.S. ended in 1865
Move from slave labor to cheap labor: what is the major difference?

37. Women seek better working conditions

38. DEMOCRATIC REFORM AND THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT:
Movements in public education
Suffrage: in Britain, only people who owned land could vote– not a true democracy!
Worker’s Suffrage: right of all men to vote; achieved in early 1900s
WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
Mid-1800s formed unions
Rallied for the abolition of slavery
By 1890, protested unfair laws and customs
Women’s suffrage not achieved in U.S. or Britain until after World War I