1. Radio Noise Measurement and Related Standards
Akira SUGIURA
Tohoku Univ., JAPAN

2. Contents (1) Measuring receivers: Conventional instrument
Response to various signals
Future instruments for digital
communication
(2) Radiated noise measurements: Measuring antennas
Antenna calibration
Standards for radiation measurement
(3) Long term city noise measurements
in Japan

3. Measuring Receivers (1) Conventional instrument
(2) Response to various signals
(3) Future instruments for digital
communication

4. Radio noise measurements
Antenna
Radiated
Noise
EMI
meas. receiver
Conducted
Noise
LISN

5. EMI measuring receiver (1)
Below 1 GHz,
the measuring instrument is like an AM receiver,
but the detector function is different.
The fundamental concept was proposed
by Aggers, et al. in

6. Below 1 GHz, various detectors are used.
EMI measuring receiver (2)
Below 1 GHz, various detectors are used.
Burrill made experiments to determine Tc and Td in 1942.
Noises: electric razor, dc commutator machine, relays
Victim: AM broadcast receivers (Listener =30)

7. EMI measuring receiver (3)
Above 1 GHz, the spectrum analyzer is employed.
CISPR std.
IF Bandwidth: 1 MHz
Video Bandwidth: <1 MHz for weighting
Detector: envelope + peak display

8. EMI measuring receiver (4)
Recurrent pulse response ( MHz)

9. Response to recurrent pulses (1)

10. Response to recurrent pulses (2)

11. Response to recurrent pulses (3)

12. Amplitude Probability Distr. APD(Ek)=[S Di(Ek)] / To
EMI measuring instrument
for digital communication
Amplitude Probability Distr.
APD(Ek)=[S Di(Ek)] / To

13. APD measurement (1) Freq. scan stopped. Various circuits
developed for APD
Ref. Signal Ek
Clock
Counter for Ek
Comparator
Example

14. Peak, QP, RMS, Av in APD
Spauling, Disney
OT report 74-38,1974

15. Degradation in comm. system
caused by noise (1)
Switching-type oven: ON
Trans-type oven: ON 10 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-10 20 30 40
Prob. (noise env. > abscissa)
Input voltage [dBμV]
Antenna gain : 0 dBd
d = 1 m
d = 3 m
Microwave oven: OFF 40 10 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 20 30
Bit error rate
Signal input [dBμV]
Signal: non burst
Time: 10 s/data
d =1 m
d = 3 m
APD of noise envelope
from microwave ovens
BER characteristics of PHS
Y. Yamanaka, IEICE Japan, J79-B-11,pp , 1996

16. Radiated Noise Measurements
(1) Measuring antennas
(2) Antenna calibration
(3) Standards for radiation
measurement

17. Radiated noise measurements

18. Antenna factor E [dBmV/m] = V [dBmV] + AF [dB(1/m)]
Za is affected by the ground. 7
E [dBmV/m]
= V [dBmV]
+ AF [dB(1/m)]

19. Half-wave tune dipole antenna (1)
Free-space AF
Height dependence of AF 8

20. Biconical antenna Ant. factor & its height dependence
K. Gyoda, Y. Yamanaka, et al., IEICE Trans. Commun.,E78-B, pp , 1995 9

21. Log-periodic dipole array antenna
Ant. factor & its height dependence
T. Nagai, et al., IEICE (Japanese),J81-B-II， pp , 1998． 10

22. Log-periodic dipole array antenna
H-plane Directivity
T. Nagai, et al., Trans. IEICE (Japanese),J81-B-II， pp , 1998．
10a

23. Bi-log antenna Antenna factor variation Directivity
Fujii, et al., Trans. IEICE (Japanese), J84-B, pp , 2001

24. Antenna positioning (1) phase center location (2) directivity
(3) near field effects
T. Nagai, et al., Trans. IEICE (Japanese),J81-B-II， pp , 1998．

25. Antenna calibration (1)
< Standard Antenna Method >
<Reference Antenna Method>

26. Antenna calibration (2)
< Standard Site Method (ANSI C ) >

27. in radiated emission measurements ?
What is to be measured
in radiated emission measurements ?
1. accurate E-field ?
antenna: wide variety
calibration: for various freq., heights
& polarization others: directivity to be limited
2. accurate received voltage ?
antenna: standardized
CISPR reference antenna
calibration: not required
but correlation should be checked

28. City Noise Measurements
Long-term
City Noise Measurements
in Japan

29. Environmental radio noise (1)
Spauling & Disney measured the APD (B=10 kHz) of man-made noise below 1 GHz at 103 points in USA
to evaluate the rms values.
OT report 74-38,1974 & CCIR report 258-3

30. Long-term city noise meas. (1)
Radio Regulatory Bureau,
Ministry of Posts and Telecomm. Japan
Quasi-peak measurements
Frequency and Years
(1) VHF band: 50, 100, 200 MHz
1971, 1974, 1977, 1980
(2) MF band: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 MHz
1972, 1975, 1978, 1981
(3) UHF band: 400, 600, 850 MHz
1973, 1976, 1979, 1982
Environments
Areas: Japan (Business, Residential, Rural)
City Size: 22 cities ( including Tokyo)

31. Noise Power vs. Population
Long-term city noise meas. (2)
Noise Power vs. Population

32. Long-term city noise meas. (3)
B: business
T: total
L: residential
G: green zone

33. Long-term city noise meas. (4)
B: business
T: total
L: residential
G: green zone

34. Long-term city noise meas. (5)
Correlation is ambiguous
because
(1) near-by cars
dominates
the measurement results
(2) quasi-peak function
masks many lower noises

35. Long-term city noise meas. (6)
Noise level changes in accordance with
daily life pattern and activities

36. City noise noise waveform APD
Yamanaka, et al., Trans. IEICE, E80-B, pp ,1997

37. Airborne noise measurement
1980, Tokyo area, monopole (99 MHz), B=80kHz,
h=600, 750, 1050, 1440m

38. Survey of man-made noise
Existing data on man-made noise:
in quasi-peak values
below 1 GHz
at outside areas like road, highway, park
before 20 years ago
only a few data available
in rms values
Hence, measurements are needed
for future communication systems
in APD
above 1 GHz
at indoor environment as well as outdoors

39. Looking forward to seeing you in EMC’04/Sendai, Japan
Thank you very much !
Looking forward to seeing you in EMC’04/Sendai, Japan