1. The French and Indian War
Pittsburgh
(Seven Years War)

3. European Kingdoms of 1750s

7. Cause of French & Indian War
Study the map and describe one cause of the French and Indian War?

8. Causes of French & Indian War
Population and Economic Push
Into the Ohio Valley
From the Diagram, list two causes of the French and Indian War?

9. The French and Indian Wars are Combination of Wars
The Seven Years War
King William's War
Queen Anne’s War
King George’s War
The French and Indian War
Remember, rivalries in Europe always spill over into the Colonies.

10. General Braddock to the Rescue
Mission: To rid the Ohio Valley of the French Invaders.
Strength: 1400 British Regulars; smaller number of Colonial Militia

12. Braddock “halted to level every mole hill and to erect bridges over every brook by which means we were four days getting twelve miles” (Washington)
Braddock’s Dilemma: Tried to fight a European style war in the wilderness of Pennsylvania.

15. Braddock’s force is routed and retreats in disarray
Braddock’s force is routed and retreats in disarray. During the battle on July 9th Braddock is mortally wounded. Braddock dies and is buried in the middle of the road he built and the remainder of his army marches over him to hide the grave from the French and their allies.

16. Braddock's Misson Failed to secure Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh).
Suffered over 1000 Casualties, including himself.
Washington to the rescue again.

17. Britain Declares War on France
Alliance with Prussia (Germans).
Prussia v France and its Allies in Europe.
Britain fought France in the Caribbean, India, and North America.
British suffer many losses in the early years of the war: Settlements are attacked; lose forts on Lake Ontario and Lake George.

18. New Direction and More Troops Needed
Braddock Bungles
French Forge
Ahead in Upstate
New York
Frontier Settlements
Abandoned
New Direction and More Troops Needed

19. Question: What does it take to fight a war?
Beans & Bullets
Men & Equipment

20. Rising Star Selected to Secretary of State
Treasury to be used to secure the Colonies
Wanted:
New Officers for a new type of war.

21. William Pitt
The right person at the right time, and in the right place can make all the difference.
Secretary of State
Prime Minister
Military Logistician
Excellent Judge of Military Commanders
Global Thinker

22. Louisbourg Again British
Amherst and Wolfe
Stem the French Tide
Louisbourg Again British
Colonials Force the French From Frontenac (Kingston, Ont.)
1758

23. Braddock Avenged:
Duquesne
Now Ft. Pitt
1758

24. Wolfe Conquers Quebec
French Blind-Sided
Through the
Plains of Abraham
1759

27. General Wolfe
Mortally Wounded

28. Montcalm -- Morte

29. The Battle of the Plains of Abraham
September 13, 1759 (250yrs ago)
Quebec

30. Background
Seven Year’s War – both Europe and North America ( )
In Canada, early French success, more manpower and forts
Later ( ), British success – more money, soldiers are allotted, power of Royal Navy
By 1759, New France faced odds of nearly 3 to 1 in terms of ships, 4 to 1 in terms of regular soldiers, and 10 to 1 in money

31. Main Players
James Wolfe – commander of British invasion fleet sent to take Quebec
Invasion force = 13,500 men, 4000 in strike force (mostly regular soldiers)

32. Main Players France – Marquis de Montcalm
Approximately 4500 men (mostly militiamen)

33. Problems with French Defense
West side of city walls facing the Plains of Abraham had no gun reinforcements
Left undefended the south bank of the river opposite the city and shortly after their arrival, the British established batteries there and were able to launch attacks
Under cover of fire, Royal Navy could transport its ships up the river without counterattack

34. Summer 1759
All summer British took garrisons all around modern day provinces of Quebec and Ontario
Devastated the parishes around Quebec city. On the south shore of the St. Lawrence River, the British destroyed 1000 buildings as well as the Canadiens’ harvest

35. Battle Preparations
Wolfe wanted to force Montcalm into an open, European-style battle, but was running out of time – the Navy had to go back to Britain for the winter
However, he found a small cove called Anse au Foulon from which a narrow goat path led up the steps of the cliff to Quebec garrison
French believed no force could climb the narrow path so left it undefended

36. French Mistakes
French failed to establish a password for a French convoy expected to bring supplies on the night of September 12
The British attack was a complete surprise – French sentries on the shore thought that the boats gliding past them were part of the French convoy (was actually cancelled) and Wolfe had those soldiers who could speak French answer the French sentries in their own language

37. Ready for Attack In total, 3 landing ships reached the shore
The advance force of Scottish Highlanders walked up the steep path, two by two, and, without detection, gained the summit of the cliffs and overpowered the French post there

38. Wolfe’s Luck Wolfe’s risks paid off
The sentries did not recognize the British in time because the convoy had been expected
His difficult landing was successful and without problems

39. The Plains of Abraham
Wolfe deployed 4500 troops on the Plains of Abraham, the grassy field near the unarmed western walls of the fort
Montcalm makes a fatal error- Instead of waiting for Colonel de Bougainville to arrive with 3000 regulars stationed at Cap Rouge, 15 km upstream, he impulsively attacks

40. The Battle Unfolds
British strategies – Three quarters of men deployed in one line in a concentration of firepower
When the French army was only 40m away, the command to fire was given and the French were devastated, their lines in chaos
One volley later, they retreated up the St. Lawrence River
Battle lasted less than 30 minutes
The two forces were numerically equal, however, the British force was composed of regulars and the French, poorly trained militiamen

41. British Casualties Approximate-ly 650 men
Wolfe was shot and killed on the battlefield

42. French Casualties Approximately 650 men
Montcalm was also wounded in battle and died from his wounds the next morning
By September 18, the fort at Quebec, short of provisions and soldiers and weakly fortified on its west side, was surrendered

43. Repercussions
The battle was a serious blow to the French, but all was not lost on September 13
France still controlled the rest of the St. Lawrence valley and its army was still in tact
Contrary to popular belief, the Battle of the Plains of Abraham did not determine New France’s fate. It was a naval battle fought at Quiberon Bay off the coast of France during which the British navy’s destruction of the French fleet later prevented France from sending a rescue force to save Canada, that sealed its fate

44. Repercussions cont’d
During an attempt to recapture Quebec, the French army ran short of ammunitions and supplies and no ship was available to come from France to its aid
Almost one year later, September 18, 1760 – the French surrendered all of New France and the British took the final French stronghold at Montreal

45. “The Death of General Wolfe”

46. “The Death of General Wolfe”
By British painter, Benjamin West ( )
Unveiled in London in 1771
Has been called “absolutely valueless as a historic representation”
Why might historians caution that this painting is an inaccurate depiction of both the battle and Wolfe’s death?

47. The inscription on the obelisk at Quebec City, erected to commemorate the battle on the Plains of Abraham once read: "Here Died Wolfe Victorious." Now it simply reads: "Here Died Wolfe." Wolfe's defeat of the French led to the British capture of the New France department of Canada, and his "hero's death" made him a legend in his homeland.

48. The site where Wolfe purportedly fell is marked by a column surmounted by a helmet and sword. An inscription at its base reads, in French and English, "Here died Wolfe - September 13th, 1759." It replaces a large stone which had been placed there by British troops to mark the spot. There is a memorial to Wolfe in Westminster Abbey by Joseph Wilton and a statue of him overlooks the Royal Naval College in Greenwich. A statue also graces the green in his native Westerham, Kent, alongside one of that village's other famous resident, Sir Winston Churchill. At Stowe Landscape Gardens in Buckinghamshire there is an obelisk, known as Wolfe's obelisk, built by the family that owned Stowe as Wolfe spent his last night in England at the mansion. Wolfe is buried under the Church of St Alfege, Greenwich, where there are four memorials to him: a replica of his coffin plate in the floor; The Death of Wolfe, a painting completed in 1762 by Edward Peary; a wall tablet; and a stained glass window. In addition the local primary school is named after him.

49. A Symbol of Humiliation for Separatists
A statue of Wolfe at the Plains of Abraham was destroyed by the terrorist/separarist group the FLQ (Front du Liberation de Quebec) in 1963 for its symbolism of the Conquest of New France and the end of the Quebecois Nation.

50. Montreal in the Pocket of Amherst
French Sue for Peace

51. Jeffery Amherst is best known as one of the victors of the French and Indian War, when he conquered Louisbourg, Quebec City and Montreal. He was also the first British Governor General in the territories that eventually became Canada (BNA/BRITISH NORTH AMERICA).
Numerous places and streets are named for him, both in Canada and the United States. The Quebec city KNOWN AS Amherst wants its named changed because it is associated with a person who conquered the French.

52. Amherst gained fame during the Seven Years' War, particularly in the North American campaign known in the United States as the French and Indian War. After he served in Europe in 1757, Amherst led the British attack on Louisbourg in 1758, and as commander-in-chief of the British army in North America, led the successful British conquest of New France.
In 1759, while James Wolfe besieged and eventually captured Quebec with one army, Amherst led another army against French troops on Lake Champlain, where he captured Fort Ticonderoga against little resistance.
On September 8, 1760, he led an army down the Saint Lawrence River from Lake Ontario, and captured Montreal, ending French rule in North America. He infuriated the French commanders by refusing them the "honours of war" (the ceremonial right of a defeated garrison to retain their flags); the Knight of Lévis burned the colors rather than surrendering them. Amherst held the position of military governor of Canada from 1760 to 1763

53. Use of smallpox-infected blankets
The hostility between the British and Native Americans after the French and Indian War led to one of the first documented attempts at biological warfare in North American history.
In response to the 1763 uprising known as Pontiac's Rebellion, Colonel Henry Bouquet wrote to Amherst, his commanding officer, with the suggestion that the British distribute smallpox-infected blankets to Indians. Amherst approved the plan and expressed his willingness to adopt any "other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race." In fact, the commander at Fort Pitt had already attempted this very tactic in June It is the only recorded case of British soldiers giving smallpox-contaminated blankets to Native Americans

54. Seven Years War Place Names
AMHERST, QUEBEC
AMHERST, NOVA SCOTIA
AMHERST, MASS.
PITTSBURGH, PA.

55. Britannia Rules The Waves
1763
Victory in Our Time
Britannia Rules The Waves

56. Peace: Treaty of Paris 1763 England Receives Canada
French Lands East of the Mississippi
Florida From Spain
Spain Receives Lands West of Mississippi and New Orleans
France allowed to keep Sugar Producing Islands in the Caribbean and fishing in the Grand Banks islands of St Pierre et Miquelon.

57. Peace Treaties Lead to War
Question: Who is especially unhappy about the French loss?
The Native Americans.
British Trappers and Settlers refuse to pay Native Americans for the use of the land in the Ohio Valley
Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa Native people puts together a Native American Alliance and strikes back at the British.
Pontiac fails to capture key terrain.
Pontiac’s War ends in 1765.

58. Cause of the American Revolution
Pitt decides to fund the war through the British Treasury and through loans. This relieves the American colonists from fronting the bill for the war. However, after the war is over, Britain must settle its debts and pay for a standing army in America. In order to do this they decide to have the colonists bear some of the burden for their own defense.

59. Cause of the American Revolution
The Proclamation of 1763
Proclaimed that land west of the Appalachian Mountains temporarily off limits to settlements.
British Halt Westward Expansion to minimize costs in maintaining a military force to secure the Frontier.
Colonists upset. Especially those who had bought shares in companies or bought land in the newly captured territories.
However, this does create a fragile peace between the British and the Native Americans.

61. 11 years later…
The Quebec Act of 1774 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain setting procedures of governance in the Province of Quebec. The principal components of the act were:
The province's territory was expanded to take over part of the Indian Reserve, including much of what is now southern Ontario, plus Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota(this angered the Yankees!)
The oath of allegiance was replaced with one that no longer made reference to the Protestant faith.
It guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith.
It restored the use of the French civil law for private matters while maintaining the use of the English common law for public administration, including criminal prosecution.

62. The Act had wide-ranging effects, in Quebec itself, as well as in the Thirteen Colonies. In Quebec, English-speaking migrants from Britain and the southern colonies objected to a variety of its provisions, which they saw as a removal of certain political freedoms. French-speaking Canadiens varied in their reaction; the land-owning seigneurs and clergy were generally happy with its provisions.
In the Thirteen Colonies, the Act, which had been passed in the same session of Parliament as a number of other acts designed as punishment for the Boston Tea Party and other protests, was joined to those acts as one of the Intolerable Acts. The provisions of the Quebec Act were seen as a new model for British colonial administration, which would strip the colonies of their elected assemblies, and promote the Roman Catholic faith in preference to widely-held Protestant beliefs. It also limited opportunities for colonies to expand on their western frontiers, by granting most of the Ohio Country to the province of Quebec.

63. Thus, it can be said that a piece of legislation intended to govern the French in Quebec ended up causing the war that gave birth to the United States of America! PLUS…THE FRENCH GENERAL LAFAYETTE HELPED AMERICA FIGHT ENGLAND FROM …AND WIN!!!
“MERCI BEAUCOUP LES QUEBECOIS ET LES FRANCAIS POUR LE VICTOIRE AMERICAINE DANS LA GUERRE REVOLUTIONAIRE!”