1. Review of Coordinate and Subordinate

2. Coordination: two predicates are joined with ‘and’
Analyze following sentences: What is being coordinated? What kinds of subordinate clauses are used? How do coordination and subordination interact?
E.g. 1. The sociological perspective opens a window onto unfamiliar worlds and offers a fresh look at familiar worlds.
first predicate
The sociological perspective [opens a window onto unfamiliar worlds] and [offers a fresh look at familiar worlds].
second predicate
Coordination: two predicates are joined with ‘and’
Subordination: no subordination in this simple sentence

3. Subordination: no subordination in this simple sentence
2. Sociologists consider people's jobs, income, education, gender, age, and race.
direct objects
2. Sociologists consider [people's jobs], [income], [education], [gender], [age], and [race].
Coordination: the direct object is made up of a series of coordinated noun phrases joined with ‘and’
Subordination: no subordination in this simple sentence

4. 3. We often think and talk about people's behaviors.
verbs
Coordination: ‘and’ is used to combine two verbs... ‘think about people's behaviors and talk about people's behaviors...’ with ellipsis in the first verb to avoid repetition of ‘about people's behaviors’
Subordination: no subordination in this simple sentence

5. 4. Today instantaneous communications connect us with remote areas of the globe, and a vast economic system connects us not only with Canada and Mexico but also with Belgium, Taiwan, and Indonesia.
4. [Today instantaneous communications connect us with remote areas of the globe], and [a vast economic system connects us not only with (Canada and Mexico) but also with (Belgium, Taiwan, and Indonesia)].
Coordination: two independent clauses are combined with ‘and’ in this compound sentence
the 2nd independent clause uses ‘not only with’... ‘and’ ... ‘but also’... ‘and’. A series of countries is provided using two coordination devices.
Subordination: no subordination in this long, complicated compound sentence

6. 5. Political scientists are especially interested in how people attain ruling positions in their society, how they maintain those positions, and what the consequences of their activites are for those who are governed.
5. Political scientists are especially interested in [(how people attain ruling positions in their society)], [(how they maintain those positions)], and [what the consequences of their activites are for those who are governed)].
Coordination: ‘and’ is used to coordinate a series of three wh-clauses that are the objects of the preposition ‘in’
Subordination: subordination with a series of 3 noun clauses as the object of the preposition in this complex sentence
COORDINATION is used to make a set out of a series of 3 subordinate clauses.

7. 6. The chief concern of anthropologists is to understand culture.
Coordination: no coordination
Subordination: subordination is with the infinitive clause
7. Sociologists also study how people govern one another.
Subordination: subordination with a noun clause as the direct object of the verb

8. General Review for Mid-term

9. Identify the headwords of the subject noun phrases in the following sentences
1. The counties of Croatia are the primary administrative subdivisions of Croatia.
2. Gunpowder, also known since the late 19th century as black powder, was the first chemical explosive and the only one known until the mid-1800s.

10. 3. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania, and large portions of Asia. 4. The name Mediterranean is derived from the Latin mediterraneus, meaning "inland".

11. Are the underlined prepositional phrases adjectival or adverbial?
1. This was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times. (adjectival) 2. The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant. 3. Over a hundred years and more, all the territory was eventually conquered by the Romans. (adverbial)

12. 4. Kingdoms became more centralized after the breakup of the Empire
4. Kingdoms became more centralized after the breakup of the Empire. (adverbial) 5. The reasons for the decline of the Empire are still debated today. (adjectival)

13. Mark the boundaries and write the name of the pattern
1. Following the time of the conquest of the last of the independent Greek city-states and Hellenistic (post-Alexandrine) kingdoms, almost all of the world's Greek speakers lived as citizens or subjects of the Roman Empire. 1. Following the time of the conquest of the last of the independent Greek city-states and Hellenistic (post-Alexandrine) kingdoms,/ almost all of the world's Greek speakers/ lived/ as citizens or subjects of the Roman Empire. (intransitive)

14. 2. Persons of these territories are legally nationals of the Republic of China. 2. Persons of these territories /are /legally /nationals of the Republic of China. (to be +subject complement)

15. 3. Facebook's market growth started to stall in some regions, with the site losing 7 million active users in the United States and Canada in May 2011.
3. Facebook's market growth / started / to stall / in some regions, / with the site losing 7 million active users / in the United States and Canada / in May (basic transitive)

16. Parallelism (Revise the following sentences regarding parallelism)
1. Other difficulties involved with using ASC are that they are not only hard to isolate but also hard obtaining and purifying.
1. Other difficulties involved with using ASC are that they are not only hard to isolate but also hard to obtain and to purify.

17. 2. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or getting academic degrees.

18. 3. Education occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or the way s/he acts.

19. 4. The stem cell, because it is the necessary building block, can help to repair damaged cells and multiply into healthy tissue.
4. The stem cell, because it is the necessary building block, can help to repair damaged cells and can multiply into healthy tissue. (otherwise there is ambiguity)

20. 5. In doing so, these cells hold the likelihood of curing some forms of cancer, juvenile diabetes and Parkinson’s disease.
5. In doing so, these cells hold the likelihood of curing juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, and some forms of cancer.

21. Identify the passive sentences and change them to active
Lady was given her name by her mother. Being the only girl in a family of four, the name fit her well. She was raised by her mother and her two older brothers. They spent a great deal of family time together. She remembers going to all of her older brothers’ football, baseball and soccer games to offer support of the sports in which they were interested. As she grew up, she also became interested in sports, and decided to engage in volleyball as an extra-curricular activity. Lady decided to try out for the team and she was encouraged by her family. She and her team were trained by a former U.S. Olympic volleyball team member. Her memories of playing for such a remarkable coach are full of exciting details.

22. Lady was given her name by her mother
Lady was given her name by her mother. (Her mother gave Lady her name) Being the only girl in a family of four, the name fit her well. She was raised by her mother and her two older brothers. (her mother and her two older brothers raised her) They spent a great deal of family time together. She remembers going to all of her older brothers’ football, baseball and soccer games to offer support of the sports in which they were interested. As she grew up, she also became interested in sports, and decided to engage in volleyball as an extra-curricular activity. Lady decided to try out for the team and she was encouraged by her family. (her family encouraged her) She and her team were trained by a former U.S. Olympic volleyball team member (A former US Olympic volleyball team member trained her and her team). Her memories of playing for such a remarkable coach are full of exciting details.