2. Foreign Influences on Old English

3. Celtic Influence Place Names: Thames, Kent, Avon, Dover, Cumberland
binn—basket, crib
crag, tor—a high rock, projecting rock
dun—dark-colored
puca—evil spirit (becomes Puck)

4. Latin (Roman) Influence
Place names: Londinium, Lindum Colonia becomes Lincoln (partly from Welsh llyn meaning “lake”), Dubris (also Welsh dwfr) meaning “water” becomes Dover
War terms: campus—battle; pilum—javelin; strata—road; milia—mile
Domestic life: pulvinus—pillow; coquina—kitchen; cerasus—cherry
Trade: caupo—bargain; pondo--pound

5. Food: caseus—cheese; butyrum—butter; sinapi—mustard; pisum—pea
Other stuff: mul—mule; cirice—church; gemma--gem