1. The Baby’s Arrival
Chapter 6

2. Chapter Objectives Describe the progress of labor.
Explain what happens during a cesarean birth.
List the factors that can contribute to a premature birth.
Describe a newborn’s appearance immediately after birth.
Identify the exams and procedures given to a newborn in the first few days.
Review what occurs during the hospital stay after delivery.
Summarize the physical and emotional needs of a new mother.

3. Section 6.1 Labor and Birth

4. Main Idea
Pregnant women go through different stages of labor before delivering a baby.
Some women have a cesarean or premature birth.

5. Vocabulary Content Academic Cervix Contraction Fetal monitoring Dilate
Cord blood
Stem cells
Cesarean birth
Incubator
Induce
Anesthesia

6. Early signs of Labor
Woman may experience “bloody show” which is a few drops of blood or pinkish vaginal discharge when the mucus plug that seals the cervix dissolves at the beginning of labor
Cervix – lower part of the uterus
May also experience a gush of water, this may occur later in labor
Woman will experience contractions - tightening and releasing of the muscles of the uterus
Fetal monitoring – watching of an unborn baby’s heart rate for indications of stress

7. Premature labor Full-term last 40 weeks
Premature labor happens before the 37th week of pregnancy

8. False labor Contractions are not regular or rhythmic
Contractions do not get stronger over time
Contractions end with light exercise, such as walking or stretching

9. Inducing labor
A doctor may start labor by artificial means

10. Stage 1 – contractions open the cervix Stage 2 – the baby is born
Stages of Labor
Stage 1 – contractions open the cervix
Stage 2 – the baby is born
Stage 3 – the placenta is expelled

11. The First Stage
Contractions are at regular intervals and increase in intensity
Lasting 30 seconds and are about 20 minutes apart
Lasting 60 seconds and are about 2 to 5 minutes apart
Uterine muscle pull up on the cervix causing it to soften and thin, allowing it to open or dilate – widen or open
The first state ends with a period called transition.
When the cervix is dilated to 10 cm
Contractions last 90 seconds and are 2 to 3 minutes apart

12. The Second Stage
Contractions in the second stage push the baby through the birth canal and out of the vagina
The mother pushes during this stage of labor
A hormone called relaxin allows the body to stretch to allow the baby to pass through
If the opening is not large enough, sometimes the doctor will perform an episiotomy
The baby’s head crowns and the baby is delivered

13. The Third Stage After the birth, the mother is able to relax briefly
She will experience a few more contractions and desire to push
The after birth, or placenta is delivered
This will be examined to ensure that all of it has been removed from the uterus
Cord blood – blood left behind in the umbilical cord and placenta
Stem cells – cells capable of producing all types of blood cells

14. How to Cope with Labor
Both mother and father should take prenatal classes through a hospital
You will learn
What to expect
Breathing, and relaxation techniques to help during labor

15. Cesarean Birth
Cesarean birth – delivery of a baby through a surgical incision.
Can be performed for various reasons.

16. Premature Birth Born before reaching 37 weeks Requires extra care
Incubator – special enclosed crib where the oxygen supplied, temperature, and humidity can be controlled

17. Section 6.2 The Newborn

18. Main Idea A newborn baby is examined immediately after birth.
A newborn receives numerous tests shortly after birth.

19. Vocabulary Content Academic Fontanel Lanugo Vernix Apgar scale Fuse
Secure

20. The Baby Arrives
Lungs fill with amniotic fluid that is squeezed out while travelling through the birth canal, whatever is left over is suctioned out of the mouth
Once the lungs take in oxygen, the baby’s circulatory system changes and the heart pumps harder
A new hemoglobin develops so that the red blood cells can deliver oxygen to the body
The umbilical cord stops pulsing and starts to shrink. It is clamped and cut. It will fall off in a few weeks

21. The Newborn’s appearance
Fontanel – open space found on the baby’s head where the bones have not yet joined
Lanugo – fine, downy hair growing on newborns’ foreheads, backs, and shoulders
Vernix – thick, white pasty substance made up of the fetus’s old skin cells and the secretions of skin glands
The baby may have swollen or puffy faces due to delivery (or swollen testicles)
May also have bruises on their head because of the birth process

22. Examining the newborn
Apgar Scale – system of rating the physical condition of a newborn baby
Heart rate
Breathing
Muscle tone
Response to stimulation
Skin color
Once at birth and then 5 minutes later

23. Later Tests Hearing screenings
Blood is taken from the umbilical cord to check the blood type and for diseases
Blood is taken from the heal to test for certain diseases and disorders
Hepatitis B vaccine is given at this time

24. Section 6.3 Postnatal Period

25. Main Idea
After the baby is born, the parents begin to bond with the baby while still at the hospital.
Both mother and baby receive postnatal care.

26. Vocabulary Content Academic Prenatal period Jaundice Postnatal period
Bilirubin
Postpartum depression
Bonding
Colostrum
Lactation consultant
Rooming-in
Major
Stable

27. After the Birth Neonatal period – first month after the baby is born
Jaundice – causes the babies skin and eyes to look yellow because the liver cannot remove the bilirubin
Bilirubin – substance produced by the breakdown of red blood cells
Bonding
Help with Feeding
Rooming-in
Legal Documents
Caring for Premature Babies

28. Bonding
If there are no complications after birth, the nurse may place the baby on the mother’s stomach to help with the bonding process.
Bonding – forming emotional ties between parents and child
Bonding helps brain development, the baby’s brain is starting to make millions of connections.
If the baby is going to be breast-fed, then the mother may wish to start nursing right away.
Colostrum – high-calorie, high-protein early breast milk

29. Bonding Tips Use a baby carrier Sing or read to the baby
Allow dad time with the baby
Let the baby handle you

30. Help with Feeding
All babies lose weight after birth. They will gain it back after the first few weeks.
Some mothers and babies have trouble feeding and receive help while in the hospital.
Lactation consultant – a professional breast-feeding specialist who shows mothers how to encourage adequate milk production and how to position babies properly so they can nurse

31. Rooming-in
Rooming-in – the baby remains with the mother in the hospital room
After the birth the baby may stay with the mother part of the time or full time.

32. Legal Documents
Parents fill out forms for the birth certificate and social security card

33. Caring for Premature Babies
Special needs
Keep babies warm
Check for infections
Help them until their organs start functioning on their own example: breathing
Improved care
Care has improved over the years
Constantly monitored
Must breath on their own, drink, maintain a constant body temperature, and constant weight of 5 pounds before leaving the hospital

34. Mother’s Postnatal Care
Postnatal Period – time following the baby’s birth
Physical Needs
Rest
Exercise
Good nutrition
Medical checkups
Emotional Needs
Postpartum depression - Condition in which new mothers may feel very sad, cry a lot, have little energy, feel overly anxious about the baby or have little interest in the baby, and, in extreme cases, think of harming the baby