1. 日本研究 (Japanese Society)
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)

2. Sign here & here please!
If today is your first time, please pick up a name slip (and course outline) from me now

3. URL also at bottom of course outline
Powerpoints now available off-campus too at <

5. Last Week: National Character as an ideological construction

6. 国民性調査と国際比較調査 From Sugimoto (2010: 15) Kinben=hard-working, diligent
国民性調査と国際比較調査

7. 豪州における対日世論調査（結果） 外務省 2006年6月
Nouritsuteki=efficient
Yushikisha=leaders/elite
外務省　2006年6月

8. Japanese have not always been perceived as hard-working…

9. Reports by German missionaries in Japan, end of 19th century
宣教師
Reports by German missionaries in Japan, end of 19th century
“The steady, systematic work to which we Nordic people were educated is unknown here on the average. “
“The Japanese worker is hardly willing to submit himself to the military discipline which according to our standards must rule the modern factory. He takes his holiday whenever he likes, he comes and goes as he pleases, and if he is scolded for such behavior, he leaves the company.”

10. Re-inventing Japan How do we distinguish between people?
Is nation the major (or even only important) distinguishing category?!?
Where do we draw the lines?
What gives us the confidence to sum up 128 million ‘Japanese’ in a single word?
What categories of thought underlie concepts of nationhood?
How are they used to create an image of ‘Japan’

11. Drawing Lines: Island Scenario

12. Nation as the dominant (only?) identity or category
"The idea of a man without nation seems to impose a strain on the modern imagination. A man must have a nationality as he must have a nose and two ears. All this seems obvious, though, alas, it is not true. But that it has come to appear so very obviously true is indeed an aspect, perhaps the very core, of the problem of nationalism. Having a nation is not an inherent attribute of humanity, but it has now come to appear as such."
Ernest Gellner (1983: 6)
Nationality has become the dominant, major distinguishing category…

13. Nationality is a Recent Invention
‘Invented’ in Europe at the end of C. 18th
Developed mid C. 19th thanks to the emergence of ‘print-capitalism’ (出版資本主義)
Idea of nation emerged later in Japan
“The modern Japanese state…is an artificial construct whose boundaries were drawn in the 2nd half of the 19th century” TMS
明治３２（１８９９）年に国籍法が制定されるまで、国籍という概念が存在していなかった

14. Next Week: Who are the Japanese?

15. Who is the ‘typical’ Japanese?
Mr Yamamoto?
Ms Tanaka?

16. 日本研究演習(英語)Ａ Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
Ziyi Zhang and Ken Watanabe in Columbia Pictures‘ Memoirs of a Geisha – due out Dec (US)
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)

17. Statistically speaking, the typical Japanese is...
Mr Yamamoto?
Ms Tanaka?

18. Works for large company / job-for-life
University Graduate (English speaking)
40% (?)
Wealthy/
Middle-
upper
class
Male
49%
14.1%
Mr Yamamoto – this is the kind of person you’re most likely to meet…
12% / 25%
Works for large company / job-for-life

19. Works for small/med. company / no job-for-life
No University Education (non-English speaking)
60% (?)
Middle,
lower
middle,
poor
Female
51%
84.7%
Ms Tanaka – this is the kind of person you’re least likely to meet…
88% / 75%
Works for small/med. company / no job-for-life

20. But in terms of image or stereotype, the typical Japanese is…
Mr Yamamoto?
Ms Tanaka?

21. Q: Why has the male ‘salaryman’ come to represent all Japanese?
A: POWER brings access to mass media and publicity: visibility (the ‘face’ of Japan)

22. Q: Why has the male ‘salaryman’ come to represent all Japanese?
A: Viewers, visitors, tourists tend to interact mostly with these ‘gatekeepers’

24. Yomiuri Shinbun p.1
Unconstitutional for govt to refuse J nationality to 7 year old boy of Japanese-Filipino parenthood because father recognised paternity AFTER birth

25. Parents unmarried; Father recognises paternity after birth= FOREIGN PASSPORT
Parents unmarried; Father recognises paternity before birth= JAPANESE PASSPORT

26. Yomuri Shimbun
Japan Times (

27. Japan as seen from abroad: crime
Lucie Blackman (2000)
Decapitated, encased in concrete, head-shaved
Lindsay Ann Hawker (2007)
Left in bathtub of sand, hair cut
“To understand the duality of Japanese society - the strait-laced conformity, on the one hand, combined with what we might consider almost reckless abandonment - it is necessary to get to grips with two Japanese concepts: honne and tatemae. “
Japan's Antistalking Law was enacted in 2000.

28. Population Decline Population peaked in 2004 at 127,838,000
2005+: no. of Japanese falling, no. of non-Japanese continuing to rise
Forecast for 2055: 90 million people!

29. Post-earthquake foreign media coverage

30. Stoicism: 1. ストア哲学［主義］ 2. 禁欲; 冷静, 平然
Crushed, but true to law of 'gaman'
From: The Australian March 16, 2011 (The Times)
THE elderly and exhausted Japanese survivor was carried by piggyback into the medical centre and gently placed in a chair. As her rescuer left the room, she struggled to her feet and bowed.
Alongside the chaos and destruction wrought by the terrible earthquake and tsunami have been scenes of heart-breaking orderliness and self-control.
Japan is prostrate and fearful, but there are no reports of widespread looting, panic or hoarding…
Western news crews search the wreckage for images of fear and anguish, for outrage and despair, but the Japanese survivors avert their faces and cover their eyes if they weep.
This extraordinary stoicism can be summed up by the Japanese word gaman, a concept that defies easy translation but broadly means calm forbearance, perseverance and poise in the face of events beyond one's control.
Stoicism: 1. ストア哲学［主義］ 2. 禁欲; 冷静, 平然

31. Japan Earthquake 2011 : Calm & Constructive = Gaman
“The rescue is going on throughout the night , of course,” Michael Tonge , a teacher from Britain , said early morning from his home in Sendai.
No buildings had collapsed in his neighborhood , Mr. Tonge said , and people were not panicking - typical of a nation accustomed to order and schooled to stay calm & constructive.
“The few shops open have people queuing nicely,” he said , “with no pushing, fighting or anything."
New York Times March 2011

32. In Deference to Crisis, a New Obsession Sweeps Japan: Self-Restraint
TOKYO — Even in a country whose people are known for walking in lockstep, a national consensus on the proper code of behavior has emerged with startling speed. Consider post-tsunami Japan as the age of voluntary self-restraint, or jishuku, the antipode of the Japan of the “bubble” era that celebrated excess.
New York Times March 27, 2011

33. Britain lauds ‘resilience’ of Japan, pledges help
British Foreign Secretary William ague expressed his “great admiration” for Japan’s ‘resilience’ and offered support for the country’s reconstruction following the March 11 earthquake and tsunami disaster
Resilience: 弾力性・回復力・快活・元気
Daily Yomiuri p. 3

34. In contrast….

35. 石原慎太郎・東京都知事は１４日、東日本大震災に関し、「日本人のアイデンティティーは我欲。この津波をうまく利用して我欲を１回洗い落とす必要がある。やっぱり天罰だと思う」と述べた。都内で報道陣に、大震災への国民の対応について感想を問われて答えた。 　 発言の中で石原知事は「アメリカのアイデンティティーは自由。フランスは自由と博愛と平等。日本はそんなものはない。我欲だよ。物欲、金銭欲」と指摘した 上で、「我欲に縛られて政治もポピュリズムでやっている。それを（津波で）一気に押し流す必要がある。積年たまった日本人の心のあかを」と話した。
Gayoku=self-interest; selfish desire; egoism
朝日新聞

36. 刷(す）り込み =imprinting
読売新聞２０１１・５・１４　ｐ。１５

38. Last Week: The Samurai Spirit
Yukio Mishima: Japanese novelist and playwright, whose central theme is the dichotomy between traditional Japanese values and the spiritual barrenness of contemporary life.
He was hated by leftists, in particular for his outspoken and anachronistic commitment to bushido, the code of the samurai

39. Last Week: The Samurai Spirit
Remembered for his ritual suicide by seppuku after a failed coup d'état on November 25, 1970
1985 film interweaves episodes from his life with dramatizations of segments from his books The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, Kyoko's House, and Runaway Horses.
"It's the one I'd stand by – as a screenwriter it's Taxi Driver, but as a director it's
Mishima“
Paul Schrader
Final scenes:
Speaking in English:
Co-written and directed by Paul Schrader in Francis Ford Coppola and George Lucas served as executive producers (日本未公開)

40. Trailer: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b50vS55sFYU
Final scene:

41. Japan's population falls for 6th year; rise in foreign residents
Japan's population stood at million as of Oct 1, 2016, down 162,000 from a year earlier, with the number of Japanese residents declining by a record 299,000 to million. In contrast, the number of foreign residents increased by a record 136,000
The data underscored that Japan is continuing on the path toward a "super-aging society"
Apr. 15　2017

43. 厳しさ 規律 真面目さ きび (intensity) きりつ ま じ め (seriousness)
(discipline)
ま　じ　め
真面目さ
(seriousness)
Ardor=1. Intensity of emotion, especially strong desire, vigor, enthusiasm, or devotion

44. Wakata Returns from Space
Wakata’s motto was to have the “Japanese spirit of harmony, or wa.”
“He exerted Japanese-style leadership and completed the mission honorably,” said Chief Cabinet Secretary Suga
May 15, 2014

45. Wakata: First Japanese Commander of International Space Station
Japan News 2013/11/9p3
Yomiuri 2013/11/08 p.3