1. In this session, you will learn to:
Objectives
In this session, you will learn to:
Transform an XML document through a Cascading Style Sheet
Transform an XML document through Extensible Style Sheet Language
Introduce the students to the course by asking them what they know about forensics. Next, ask the students what they know about system forensics and why is it required in organizations dependent on IT. This could be a brief discussion of about 5 minutes.
Lead the discussion to the objectives of this chapter.

2. Introducing Cascading Style Sheet
A CSS is a text file containing one or more rules or definitions for the style characteristics of a particular element.
It controls how tags are formatted in XML and HTML documents.
The CSS file can be included in XML documents with the same data structure.
Introduce the students to the different types of threats that systems face by:
Asking the students to give examples of what they think are environmental and human threats.
Asking the students to give instances of what they think are malicious and non-malicious threats.
Conclude the discussion on the different types of threats by giving additional examples of malicious and non malicious threats.

3. The syntax for coding a CSS is: elementname {
Creating CSS
The syntax for coding a CSS is: elementname {
property1: value;
property2: value; }
elementname specifies the name of the element.
Introduce the students to the different types of threats that systems face by:
Asking the students to give examples of what they think are environmental and human threats.
Asking the students to give instances of what they think are malicious and non-malicious threats.
Conclude the discussion on the different types of threats by giving additional examples of malicious and non malicious threats.

4. The syntax for coding a CSS is: elementname {
Creating CSS (Contd.)
The syntax for coding a CSS is: elementname {
property1: value;
property2: value; }
property1 and property2 specify the property names, such as font-family, font-size, and color
Introduce the students to the different types of threats that systems face by:
Asking the students to give examples of what they think are environmental and human threats.
Asking the students to give instances of what they think are malicious and non-malicious threats.
Conclude the discussion on the different types of threats by giving additional examples of malicious and non malicious threats.

5. The syntax for coding a CSS is: elementname {
Creating CSS (Contd.)
The syntax for coding a CSS is: elementname {
property1: value;
property2: value; }
value specifies the property values for a property name.
For example, to display the film title in red, you can type the following code in a CSS file: FILM {COLOR: RED}
Introduce the students to the different types of threats that systems face by:
Asking the students to give examples of what they think are environmental and human threats.
Asking the students to give instances of what they think are malicious and non-malicious threats.
Conclude the discussion on the different types of threats by giving additional examples of malicious and non malicious threats.

6. A CSS can be applied to an XML document using the following syntax:
Applying CSS
A CSS can be applied to an XML document using the following syntax:
<?xml:stylesheet type="text/css" href="path-name"?>
Instructs the browser that the XML document uses a stylesheet.
Hold a two- three minute discussion on the different types of system-related crimes that the students have experienced or heard.
At the end of the discussion, give additional examples of system-related crimes.

7. A CSS can be applied to an XML document using the following syntax:
Applying CSS (Contd.)
A CSS can be applied to an XML document using the following syntax:
<?xml:stylesheet type="text/css" href="path-name"?>
Specifies the type of formatting that is being used.
Hold a two- three minute discussion on the different types of system-related crimes that the students have experienced or heard.
At the end of the discussion, give additional examples of system-related crimes.

8. A CSS can be applied to an XML document using the following syntax:
Applying CSS (Contd.)
A CSS can be applied to an XML document using the following syntax:
<?xml:stylesheet type="text/css" href="path-name"?>
Specifies the name of the CSS file used to format the XML document.
Hold a two- three minute discussion on the different types of system-related crimes that the students have experienced or heard.
At the end of the discussion, give additional examples of system-related crimes.

9. Demo: Creating a CSS Problem Statement:
Jim, the XML developer at CyberShoppe, has been asked to display the product details for Cybershoppe in a browser in the following format:
The price per unit, description, and quantity on hand for each product should be displayed in teal, with a font size of 10 pts.
The product name should be displayed in red, with a font size of 20 pts. It should be displayed in bold.
All details should be displayed in the Arial font.
While explaining the definition of system forensics, ask the students to note the following key words in the definition:
Identify
Extract
Process
Analyze
Digital and hardware evidence
Tell the students that these form an integral aspect of system forensics and would be discussed in detail.
Before moving on to the next slide, hold a brief discussion on why is it important for organizations to take the help of system forensics. The discussion should be focused on:
The role that system forensics plays in organizations having an IT set up.
This discussion will serve as a precursor to the next slide.

10. Introducing XSL
CSS does not support the reorder, sort, and display of elements based on a condition.
For such advanced formatting, XML supports Extensible Style Sheet Language (XSL).
XSL has two parts:
XSL Transformations (XSLT)
XML Path (XPath)
XSL:
Contains instructions on how an XML document should be transformed into an HTML or an XHTML document.
Uses XPath expressions to extract specific data from an XML document.
The XSLT processor transforms the XML document into an HTML or XHTML or into another XML document.
While explaining the definition of system forensics, ask the students to note the following key words in the definition:
Identify
Extract
Process
Analyze
Digital and hardware evidence
Tell the students that these form an integral aspect of system forensics and would be discussed in detail.
Before moving on to the next slide, hold a brief discussion on why is it important for organizations to take the help of system forensics. The discussion should be focused on:
The role that system forensics plays in organizations having an IT set up.
This discussion will serve as a precursor to the next slide.

11. Analyzing the Working of the XSLT Processor
The XSLT processor applies the transformation information to the source document and builds the result tree as shown in the following figure.
MSXML Parser
XSLT style sheet
XSLT tree
Elaborate on the role that system forensics plays in an organization, based on the discussion in the previous slide and the information given on this slide.
XSLT
processor
Result tree
XML document
Source tree

12. Formatting Data Using XSLT
XSLT provides the following elements to select and format data:
stylesheet
value-of
for-each
sort
text
Connect the information given on this slide to the initial discussion held on the different types of system-related crimes.

13. Formatting Data Using XSLT (Contd.)
XSLT provides the following elements to select and format data:
stylesheet
value-of
for-each
sort
text
Instructs the browser that the document is a style sheet file.
Is the root element for all XSLT style sheets.
Is written as:
<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl=
" version="1.0">
Connect the information given on this slide to the initial discussion held on the different types of system-related crimes.

14. Formatting Data Using XSLT (Contd.)
XSLT provides the following elements to select and format data:
stylesheet
value-of
for-each
sort
text
Displays the value of the specified element or attribute.
Follows the syntax:
<xsl:value‑of select="elementname/attributename"/>
Connect the information given on this slide to the initial discussion held on the different types of system-related crimes.

15. Formatting Data Using XSLT (Contd.)
XSLT provides the following elements to select and format data:
stylesheet
value-of
for-each
sort
text
Instructs the XSLT processor to process the information for each instance of the specified pattern.
Follows the syntax:
<xsl:for-each select="pattern">
[action to be performed]
</xsl:for-each>
Connect the information given on this slide to the initial discussion held on the different types of system-related crimes.

16. Formatting Data Using XSLT (Contd.)
XSLT provides the following elements to select and format data:
stylesheet
value-of
for-each
sort
text
Sorts data based on the values assigned to elements and attributes.
Follows the syntax:
<xsl:sort select="expression"
order="ascending | descending"
case-order="upper-first | lower-first“
data-type="text | number | qname"/>
Connect the information given on this slide to the initial discussion held on the different types of system-related crimes.

17. Formatting Data Using XSLT (Contd.)
XSLT provides the following elements to select and format data:
stylesheet
value-of
for-each
sort
text
Generates constant text in the output and displays labels.
Follows the syntax:
<xsl:text> Text to be displayed as label </xsl:text>
Connect the information given on this slide to the initial discussion held on the different types of system-related crimes.

18. Formatting Data Using XSL Formatting Objects
XSL Formatting Objects (XSL-FO):
Is an XML-based language that formats XML documents into pages, paragraphs, and lists.
Provides various objects and properties that define the formatting of XML objects.
Provides a basic document structure that contains the formatting objects and properties.
Connect the information given on this slide to the initial discussion held on the different types of system-related crimes.

19. Formatting Data Using XSL Formatting Objects (Contd.)
The following code snippet depicts the structure of an XML document:
Is <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO "?>
<fo:root xmlns:fo="
<fo:layout-master-set>
<fo:simple-page-master master-name="A4">
<!-- Page template goes here -->
</fo:simple-page-master>
</fo:layout-master-set>
<fo:page-sequence master-reference="A4">
<!-- Page content goes here -->
</fo:page-sequence>
</fo:root>
Connect the information given on this slide to the initial discussion held on the different types of system-related crimes.

20. Formatting Data Using XSL Formatting Objects (Contd.)
The XSL-FO objects provides a logical layout to an XML document.
The content of an XML document can be split into pages.
These pages are divided into following four areas:
Regions: Are the topmost areas in the page.
Block areas: Are the block level elements.
Line areas: Contain the text within the block areas.
Inline areas: Are part of line areas.
Connect the information given on this slide to the initial discussion held on the different types of system-related crimes.

21. Formatting Data Using XSL Formatting Objects (Contd.)
The XSL-FO properties specifies the type of formatting that can be specified on the XSL-FO objects.
Consider the following code-snippet:
<fo:simple-page-master master-name="right">
<fo:region-body margin-left="5in" margin-right="2in"/>
</fo:simple-page-master>
This element defines a template with the name right.
This specifies that the left margin of the template is set to 5 inches.
Connect the information given on this slide to the initial discussion held on the different types of system-related crimes.
This specifies that the right margin of the template is set to 2 inches.

22. Creating XSLT Template Rules
A template rule:
Describes how an XML element and its contents are converted into a specific format for displaying in the browser.
Consists of two parts:
A pattern that identifies an XML element in an XML document.
An action or processing code that details the transformation and rendering of the resulting element.
XSLT uses two main elements for creating template rules:
template
apply-templates
Connect the information given on this slide to the initial discussion held on the different types of system-related crimes.

23. Creating XSLT Template Rules (Contd.)
A template rule:
Describes how an XML element and its contents are converted into a specific format for displaying in the browser.
Consists of two parts:
A pattern that identifies an XML element in an XML document.
An action or processing code that details the transformation and rendering of the resulting element.
XSLT uses two main elements for creating template rules:
template
apply-templates
Defines a template for the desired output.
Follows the syntax:
<xsl:template match="pattern">
[action to be taken]
</xsl:template>
Connect the information given on this slide to the initial discussion held on the different types of system-related crimes.

24. Creating XSLT Template Rules (Contd.)
A template rule:
Describes how an XML element and its contents are converted into a specific format for displaying in the browser.
Consists of two parts:
A pattern that identifies an XML element in an XML document.
An action or processing code that details the transformation and rendering of the resulting element.
XSLT uses two main elements for creating template rules:
template
apply-templates
Connect the information given on this slide to the initial discussion held on the different types of system-related crimes.
Instructs the XSLT processor to find an appropriate template and perform the specified tasks on selected elements.
Follows the syntax:
<xsl:apply‑templates [select="pattern"]>

25. The details about the products should be displayed in red.
Demo: Creating an XSLT Style Sheet to Format Data
Problem Statement:
CyberShoppe needs to display product details, such as product ID, name, and price per unit. The following figure depicts a sample output.
The details about the products should be displayed in red.
While explaining the definition of system forensics, ask the students to note the following key words in the definition:
Identify
Extract
Process
Analyze
Digital and hardware evidence
Tell the students that these form an integral aspect of system forensics and would be discussed in detail.
Before moving on to the next slide, hold a brief discussion on why is it important for organizations to take the help of system forensics. The discussion should be focused on:
The role that system forensics plays in organizations having an IT set up.
This discussion will serve as a precursor to the next slide.

26. Practice Questions
The various departments of a university store data in different formats. The IT department of the university decides to use XML as the data interchange format to transmit the data between the departments. Which of the following would be the best approach to accomplish the task using XML?
a. Devise a common information model and enforce its use by all the departments that need to exchange data.
b. Implement a conversion application that can handle the data received from other departments.
Reiterate the concepts taught earlier by asking the given question.

27. Practice Questions (Contd.)
c. Use an XSLT style sheet to convert the incoming or outgoing XML document into the format used within the departments.
d. Modify the XML schema to use the same content model in all departments.
Reiterate the concepts taught earlier by asking the given question.
Answer:
c. Use an XSLT style sheet to convert the incoming or outgoing XML document into the format used within the departments.

28. Practice Questions
Which of the following code snippets can be used in an XML document named Test.xml to associate it with a style sheet named Test.css?
a. <?xml-stylesheet href="Test.css" type="text/css"?>
b. <?xml-stylesheet href="Test.xsl" type="text/css"?>
c. <?xmlstylesheet href="Test.css" type="text/xsl"?>
d. <xml-stylesheet href="Test.css" type="text/css"/>
Reiterate the concepts taught earlier by asking the given question.
Answer:
a. <?xml-stylesheet href=”Test.css” type=”text/css”?>

29. Consider the following statements:
Practice Questions
Consider the following statements:
Statement A: CSS can be used to reorder, add, delete, or perform other operations on elements.
Statement B: CSS uses less memory when compared to XSLT.
Which of the following is correct about the preceding statements?
a. Statement A is True, and Statement B is False.
b. Statement A is False, and Statement B is True.
c. Both, Statement A and Statement B, are True.
d. Both, Statement A and Statement B, are False.
Reiterate the concepts taught earlier by asking the given question.
Answer:
b. Statement A is False, and Statement B is True.

30. Which element must contain one or more when elements?
Practice Questions
Which element must contain one or more when elements?
a. xsl:if
b. xsl:for-each
c. xsl:sort
d. xsl:choose
Reiterate the concepts taught earlier by asking the given question.
Answer:
d. xsl:choose

31. Consider the following statements:
Practice Questions
Consider the following statements:
Statement A: XSLT is a superset of the CSS functionality.
Statement B: XSLT is an application of XML.
Which of the following is correct about the preceding statements?
a. Statement A is True, and Statement B is False.
b. Statement A is False, and Statement B is True.
c. Both, Statement A and Statement B, are True.
d. Both, Statement A and Statement B, are False.
Reiterate the concepts taught earlier by asking the given question.
Answer:
c. Both, Statement A and Statement B, are True.

32. In this session, you learned that:
Summary
In this session, you learned that:
Rendering is the process of formatting and presenting the data in an XML document in different formats.
A style sheet is a document that contains the formatting rules for one or several XML documents. The two types of style sheets that can be used with XML documents are:
CSS
XSL
CSS is used to define the style or appearance of an XML document.
XSL is made up of XSLT and XPath.
XSLT is used to display selective elements or attributes, sort data on one or more elements, and process the data based on conditions.

33. Summary (Contd.)
The XSLT processor applies the transformation information contained in the XSLT style sheet and builds a resultant tree structure, which is then rendered to various targets.
XSLT elements, such as template, apply-templates, sort, for-each, and value-of are used to extract and format data.
XSL-FO provides formatting objects to break XML documents into pages, paragraphs, and lists. The associated properties of the formatting objects allow you to format the XML documents.
A template rule describes how an XML element and its contents are converted into a format that can be displayed in the browser.