1. OCCUPATIONAL DOSES FROM IONIZING RADIATION
IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE IN POLAND
Budzanowski M., Kopeć R., Pyszka E. and Szumska A.
Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences
Kraków, Poland,
IC on Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Therapy, Cologne, Germany July 2016

2. Where we are in Poland and EU

3. Kraków, Poland - founded 1958
The Heryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences
Kraków, Poland
- founded 1958
- 550 personnel
(190 with Ph.D., 60 Ass. Prof.
42 full Prof)
5 divisions
particle physics and astrophysic
nuclear physics and strong interactions
physics of condensed matter
theoretical physics, applied physics
and interdisciplinary research
- National Centre for Hadron Radiotherapy
- devices:
V-d Graaff (2.5 MeV protons)
Cyclotron AIC144 (60 MeV p) – eye radiotherapy started in 2011
Cyclotron PROTEUS C235 (230 MeV p) + Gantry – proton radiotherapy
of deep tumors, June 2016!!!

4. LABORATORY OF INDIVIDUAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DOSIMETRY (LADIS)
- established in 2001
- got accredtitation in 2002
personal and environmental
dosimetry service using
thermoluminescent detectors
quality control of X-rays machines
- personel: 12 physicists,
4 technicians
3 administration

5. Professional TL material
TERMOLUMINESCENCE
Thermoluminescence is thermally stimulated light emission following the removal of excitation by ionizing radiation
Professional TL material
placed on a heater at 360oC
emits light.
The most popular TL material we have home is just salt

6. Marilyn Monroe (1926-1962) THERMOLUMINESCENT DETECTORS (TLD) 6

7. Individual dosemeters
THERMOLUMINESCENT DETECTORS (TLD)
Professional TL detectors made by LiF:Mg, Ti and dosemeters for dosimetry of ionizing radiation
TL Detectors
Individual dosemeters 7

8. INDIVIUDUAL DOSE EQUIVALENTS Hp(10), Hp(0,07) i Hp(3)
New from 2012
For measurements on
3 mm depth in thissue
(for eye-lens)
Hp(3) w mSv
10 mm depth for the whole body
Dosimetry of deep organs
Hp(10) w mSv
Mrs Anna Piaskowska,
PhD student at IFJ
0,07mm
Skin dosimetry
Hp(0,07) w mSv
Operational quantities Hp(10), Hp(0,07) i Hp(3) could be measured with those detectors
and results with a conservative approximation are equal to effective dose. Units are from ICRU.

9. INTEGRAL OF 4TH PEAK IS PROPORTIONAL TO ABSORBED DOSE
HOW TO MEASURE DOSE WITH TLD’s?
DI-02
PI-01
CALIBRATION
Annealing
BACKGROUND
USER
READING
GROUPS
INTEGRAL OF 4TH PEAK IS PROPORTIONAL TO ABSORBED DOSE
ANALYSING GLOW CURVE

10. Nuclear medicine is only 2%
DOSEMETER USERS
Nuclear medicine is only 2%

11. RESULTS - Hp(10) MEASUREMENTS UP TO SEPT. 2014
Results published:
M. Budzanowski, R. Kopeć, B. Obryk and P. Olko DOSE LEVELS OF THE OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION EXPOSURES IN POLAND BASED ON RESULTS FROM THE ACCREDITED DOSIMETRY SERVICE AT THE IFJ PAN, KRAKOW Radiation Protection Dosimetry (2011), Vol. 144 11

12. RESULTS – 10 HIGHEST Hp(10) REPORTED
Limit = 20 mSv/y 12

13. RESULTS – 10 HIGHEST Hp(0,07) REPORTED

14. AVERAGE ANNUAL OCCUPATIONAL DOSES
Values are in mSv/y
year
group
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Interventional radiology
0,39
0,33
0,31
0,28
0,32
0,34
Radiology
0,36
0,35
0,52
0,27
0,3
Oncology Centers
0,53
0,43
0,37
Nuclear Medicine
0,65
0,68
0,80
0,71
0,75
0,72
0,74
Dental
0,21
0,13
0,29
0,18
0,22
0,2
Industrial radiography
0,88
0,55
0,50
0,61
0,85
0,73
Veterinary radiography
0,12
0,25
0,23
Occupational doses for nuclear medicine staff
are 2 x then in other medicine groups
Limit = 20 mSv/y

15. DOSES IN DEPARTEMNT OF SCINTIGRAPHY
Medical staff
Hp(10) [μSv/GBq]
Hp(3)
[μSv/GBq]
Hp(0.07)
Technical staff
(preparation)
3.3
3.5
39,4
(operator)
1.4
1,0
7,3
Nurse
3.4
2,5
29,8
Medical doctor
1.2
0,9
9,9
Technical staff (preparation) and nurses received the highest doses;
Hp(0.07) were higher than Hp(10) by a factor 5 to 12;
Measurments Hp(3) were gave comparable results with Hp(10);

16. DOSES IN PET- CT CENTRES
Comparison between A and B PET-CT centres:
Medical staff
Hp(10) [μSv/GBq]
Hp(3) [μSv/GBq]
Hp(0.07) [μSv/GBq] A B
Technical staff
(preparation)
1.2
13.0
3.0 -
407.5
(operator)
1.5
6.4
1.1
6.1
2.0
27.5
Nurse
3.7
7.6
3.3
41.9
39.8
Doses in centre B >> A;
Reasons:
lead apron was used only in centre A (Hp(10));
better expertise and procedures in centre A;
Ratio Hp(3)/Hp(10)
higher in centre A than
in centre B
Reason: wrong
placement eye lens dosemeter; A B
All procedures with lead apron
No procedures with lead apron

17. SUMMARY 90% of persons exposed work in medicine and 10 % in industry;
From 65% up to 95% of all individual doses are on the level of
natural background;
The dose levels between 0,1 and 5 mSv/quarter are most
frequent in nuclear medicine;
Doses in nuclear medicine are 2 times higher then in other
medical groups;
Occupational exposure of staff in nuclear medicine can vary
significantly for different departments and worker;
The highest doses are reported and are almost exlusively due
to the accidental exposure of dosemeters left in the vicinity
of radiation sources
Results published:
1. DOSE LEVELS OF THE OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION EXPOSURES IN POLAND BASED ON RESULTS FROM THE ACCREDITED DOSIMETRY SERVICE AT THE IFJ PAN, KRAKOW
M. Budzanowski, R. Kopeć, B. Obryk and P. Olko
Radiation Protection Dosimetry (2011), Vol. 144, No. 1-4, pp
2. ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WHOLE BODY, EXTREMITY AND EYE LENS DOSES FOR MEDICAL STAFF IN THE PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE
R. Kopec, M. Budzanowski, A. Budzynska, R. Czepczynski, M. Dziku, J.Sowinski, A. Wyszomirska
Radiat. Meas. 46 (2011)

18. Probably the best dawki.ifj.edu.pl laboratory
LABORATORY OF INDIVIDUAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DOSIMETRY
Probably the best
laboratory
dawki.ifj.edu.pl
Mrs Anna Kruk 18