1. Topic 1: International Criminal Activity
Criminology B Unit 1
Topic 1:
International Criminal Activity

2. Relations Between Governments on International Crime
Border disputes and immigration
Revolutions and struggle for power
International response and responsibility
Government supported illegal trade and activity
Drug trafficking
Terrorism
Piracy
“Military Acts” vs. Acts of Terrorism
Court systems and rights of accused
Rights of foreign citizens

3. Early 20th Century Response
_____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Estimated 30,000 metric tons of opium in 1907 compared to 5,000 in 2000
Legislation has broadened to include drugs like cannabis, LSD, Methamphetamines, etc.

4. Drug Numbers Today
Illegal drug trade estimated at $_____________U.S. dollars a year
Second only to ___________________________
90% of drug trade centers around 3 plants
Opium poppy (________________)
Coca bush (________________)
___________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Growing methamphetamine market in Mexico and Southeast Asia
Rise of Afghanistan in the drug market

5. Mafia Involvement
________________________ established at ___________________________
______________________________
Grown in ___________________
Refined in __________________
Distributed out of _______________

6. Golden _______ and Golden _______
Golden Triangle: _______ (formerly Burma), _______________
1991: approximately 81% of world’s total opium produced in this region
Golden Crescent: ____________________________________
Afghanistan and the drug trade
Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton refers to Afghanistan as “narco-state” based on corruption of government officials with illegal drugs
General Mohammed Daud Daud
Deputy Minister of Interior responsible for counternarcotics
Counternarcotics Police of Afghanistan (CNPA)
Safeguarded shipments of illegal opiates
Takes share of $3 billion profits
Trade routes also bringing in weapons and ammunition
Denial of top government officials of any wrongdoing
Incident involving tanker truck with 700 kilograms of raw opium
Opium production globally : ___% 2007: ___%

7. South America Connection
All of cocaine consumed in the world is grown in Andean countries of __________________________
Through the late 1990’s in to 2000’s, __________ with major cartels like the Medellin was dominant
Today though, _____ has become the largest capable of producing 340 tons of cocaine a year compared to Colombia at 309 tons
Colombian numbers may not be accurate because many are smaller crops hidden by canopy coverage in the jungle
In 2000, it is estimated that Colombia could generate close to ________ tons of cocaine a year

8. ___________________
_______________ drug lord and head of ______________________
1975 begins drug operations flying planes from Colombia and Panama to U.S.
Medellin drug cartel considered most successful criminal enterprise smuggling 15 tons of cocaine a day ($_______________________________)
Purchases land in ______________ called Norman’s Cay for shipments to U.S.
Use of planes, boats and submarines
Elected to Colombia’s Congress in 1982
Forbes lists him as 7th most wealthy in the world in 1989
Wealth close to $25 billion and Medellin controlling 80% of global cocaine market
Hero to many because of generosity
1992: U.S. begins all-out manhunt for Escobar along with vigilante group called ______________________
Killed Dec. 2, 1993 by Colombian National Police
Escobar quote: “I prefer to be in a grave in Colombia than a jail in the U.S.”

9. ____________________
_______________________________________________________________
Born in Colombia in 1943
Life of crime and prostitution
First murder at age of 11
Part of Medellin Cartel
Killed niece of important _____________ family
Cocaine trafficking through New York, Miami and Southern California
Brought in estimated $____ million per month
Moved to New York in her 30’s
Government intercepts 150 kilos of cocaine in 1975
Flees country and later resettles in Miami and later California
___________________________ and violence in Miami
Considered responsible for over ______ murders
Possibly even __ of her former husbands
Captured in California by DEA and put on trial
Indicted on 3 murder charges but later thrown out
____year sentence
Released in 2004 and deported back to Colombia
Killed Sept. 3, 2012 in Medellin, Colombia by drive-by motorcyclist

10. Drug Cartels in Mexico
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Rise of drug cartels in Mexico led to increased violence on both sides of the border
Especially western part of Mexico along Pacific Ocean
Methamphetamine production
Prior was via the Caribbean and then into Florida
Estimated that major drug cartels in Mexico and Colombia generate between $___________ billion a year
Alignment has created 2 major drug cartels
Juarez, Tijuana, Los Zetas and Beltran-Leyva
Gulf, Sinaloa and La Familia

11. Drug War in Mexico
Earlier leadership ignored operations of drug cartels
Corruption and payments
2006: Election of President ___________________
Declares war on drug cartels
______________________________________________________________________________________
Protests over lack of effectiveness of drug war
One poll showed only __% of Mexican citizens found value in fighting war versus violence it creates

12. American Involvement in Trafficking
Drug cartels have “___________________________” in Texas
Intimidation of land owners in Texas to use as bases
Identified problem in Texas with kids as young as 11 to bring drugs across border
25+ minors arrested in one Texas county for involvement in one year
Considered “expendable”
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Payment of around $50 for efforts
Driving vehicles, acting as lookouts or other efforts
________________________________
Customs and Border Protection efforts to warn about dangers in schools and in the communities
_____________________ area accounts for 49% of marijuana seizures along southern border

13. Violence and Murder
2010 saw 4,000 drug gang related murders in Mexico in second quarter
Doubled the amount from first quarter of 2009
Ciudad, Juarez had 3,000 murders by Dec. 16, 2010 up from 300 in 2007
Death toll from 2007-January, 2011 at 34,612
Half of the killings taking place in Chihuahua, Tamaulipas and Sinaloa
______________________________________________________________________________________
Mexican media groups in March, 2011 vow to not publish cartel propaganda or glorify drug-related violence
___________________________ elected in 2012
Focus on bringing down heads of Cartel families
Less control of families because of lack of “leadership”

14. U.S. Government Involvement
Morida Initiative passed by Congress in 2008 aimed at helping with helicopters, drug-sniffing dogs and weapons trafficking
2010: President Obama pledged to station additional 1,200 National Guard troops and hire an additional 1,000 Border Patrol agents
$600 million border security bill passed targeting drugs and weapons
Drug-smuggling tunnel discovered across California-Mexico border from Tijuana into U.S.

15. ____________________________
Most powerful drug leader in the world today
Head of the ____________________ Cartel
Connections all around the world for drug trafficking
Control over a _______ of cocaine production in Colombia
Largest source of drugs to the United States
Controlled ___% of drugs in Chicago
Originally sent to prison in 1993 but bribed his way out in 2001
Serving 20 year sentence
Captured in ____________________ Feb. 22, 2014
Escaped from maximum security prison July 12, 2015
From shower area into mile long tunnel with motorcycle
Mexican officials had stated he would not escape again
President Enrique Peña Nieto stated “inexcusable to allow what happened a few years ago to happen again”
Recent bizarre tweets from his son
Threaten to kill ______________________________________
Picture in Costa Rica
Car accident in Southern Mexico with man taken to hospital of similar description
Captured again Jan. 8, 2016 by _______________________________
United States seeking __________________________________________

16. Global Statistics and Facts
International Labor Organization
_____ million people are in human trafficking situation at any one time
U.S. State Department
________________ trafficked across international borders a year
_______________________ are trafficked into U.S. a year
Driven by commercial sex and cheap, illicit labor
43% for prostitution and 32% for labor in EU
_________________________ established by ___ in 2000
142 parties agree to the “3P’s”
_______________________________

17. Conditions for Trafficking
________________________________________________________________________________
Victims are silenced through threats and forced into dependency on their captors
Government ignoring forced labor
Limiting enforcement to either foreign trafficking victims or their own citizens
Demand for cheap goods, services, labor and sex creates market for exploitation

18. Exploitation of Dreams and Hopes
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Example: overeducated woman with few options in village where she lives
Introduced to possibilities in the world
Exploiting the information gap
Use their lives and freedoms as collateral to guarantee a better future
Recruitment fees used to trap people once they arrive
Cases with guest workers leading to abuse because it lacks traditional employer relationship and also turned over to prostitution because of lack of voice

19. Global Slave Labor
International Labor Organization estimates ___% of child labor worldwide is in __________________
South Asia: families of farmers with inherited debt
Industry and commercial fishing
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Examples of regulations in U.S.
_______________________________________________
Retail sellers and manufacturers publicly disclose efforts to eradicate global trafficking
Businesses more than $100 million annual worldwide receipts
California has __th largest economy in world

20. Enforcement and Penalties
Based on UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime
Maximum penalty no fewer than 4 years
_______ trafficking offenses to be treated as _______ offenses and equal in penalties
Combating issue by focusing on _________ side instead of simply on _______________

21. Further Enforcement Control of solicitation of overseas work
Prosecution of these people even though violations may take place in another country
Tracking of migrant populations and identification of victims
International efforts for communication
Prosecutions and convictions
2008: 5, 212 prosecutions 2,983 convictions
2010: 6,017 prosecutions 3,619 convictions
_____ trafficking cases far outweigh ________
Positions in society of individuals leading labor trade
Convictions sometimes difficult because of idea of “________”

22. United States Statistics
Between Jan. 1, 2007-Sept. 20, 2008
1,229 alleged incidents reported to agencies in U.S.
_____ trafficking accounted for____3%
_______ or unknown made up other 17%
Forced prostitution and sex trafficking were largest categories
Of the alleged 1,018 sex trafficking, ___% involved children
57% of total cases were 24 years or younger
30% of total cases were U.S. citizens
871 suspects involved in reported cases
Approximately 8 in 10 were male

23. History of Piracy Regions of the world Terms _________________
Both along the Northern coast and Eastern coast
Indian Ocean, South China Sea, Bay of Bengal
From Europe to the Caribbean
Terms
_______: an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea by non-state agents; those who engage in the practice are sometimes called Pirates
___________: authorized by national authorities; considered “commerce raiding”
____________________: another term associated with Pirates
Connection to the Caribbean and a type outcasts from multiple nations and backgrounds
Name comes from type of wooden spin called “Buccan” for cooking meet

24. History of Piracy Goes back at least as far as ___th century B.C.
Kidnapping of boys and girls to be sold as slaves
Greeks and Romans
European society and the ____________ during the early Middle Ages
Attacks on Western European settlements
Raids and attacks in other areas of the world?
Piracy in Asia around Japan, Korea, India, China and the Philippines starting in the 9th century
_____________________________

25. Barbary States Located in ______________________________
Countries of _____________________________________________________
Ports of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli
Shipping in the western Mediterranean
Estimated ______________________ European sailors taken into slavery and sold
Conflict with the United States
______________________: payments made by a government to pirates or governments to protect against piracy
In 1800, estimated ___% of U.S. budget went to pay ransom and tributes to Barbary states
End of this policy of tribute payments under Jefferson would lead to conflict
________________________ ( ): 2 separate wars
Blockade of ___________________ in 1801, U.S.S. __________________ is captured and crew taken prisoner; ship is later burned to keep from being taken by pirates
Eventually would lead to the end of paying tribute
Invasion into _________________________
Marine anthem: “To the shores of Tripoli”

26. Pirates of the Caribbean
Mid 1600’s to 1720’s the Golden Age of Piracy in the New World
European money and competition
Importance of transportation of goods over the Atlantic Ocean
English conquest of ______________ from ________ in 1655
Impact of the ________________________ between Europe, Africa and the New World
Many of the “Pirates” had once been part of military action of European governments—”Privateers”
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Unprotected and defenseless
Island of ___________ (part of Haiti today) and Buccaneers

27. _________________, Jamaica
__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Built on money from “stolen gold”
“______________” sanctioned piracy from England
Desire for Spanish gold
_________________________________________________________
Population larger than _____________ or ____________ at that time
June 7, 1692 _____________________ causes entire section of land of Port Royal to break away into the water

28. Piracy Today _________% of international freight is shipped by sea
Piracy at sea costs $__________ billion dollars annually
Areas that lack ______________________________________
Today areas of __________________________________________________
International Anti-Piracy efforts
United Nations Security Council, European Union, Maritime Security Patrol Area and NATO
_______________________________ (IMB) tracking threats
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pirates also using money to arm rebel armies
Importance of an International presence around the world
International Maritime Organization
United Nations and multi-National Naval presence

29. Defining Terrorism
The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. U.S. Department of Defense
duty.

30. 1972 Summer Olympics _________________________________
Hostage situation between Israeli athletes and coaches and Palestinian group __________________________________
Kidnappers kill __________________________
__ of __ attackers were killed
__ surviving members captured but _______________________________________

31. Hostages Taken
_________________ had very little security and open feel
“________” Games image in response to 1936 Berlin Olympics
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
September, 4:30 a.m. attackers scale fence and enter apartments
One Israeli coach, Moshe Weinberg and athlete Yossef Romano, killed during initial attack
3 escape through bravery of others
7 other members hide and were able to later escape
Nine hostages remain with the 8 kidnappers
Some members had actually worked in Village scoping out targets

32. Black September’s Demands
Release and safe passage to _______ of 234 Palestinians jailed in Israel
2 German radicals held in West German prisons
Body of one of the Israeli victims thrown out window to demonstrate their power
_____________makes clear they will not negotiate
______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Post-war West German military not allowed to operate inside Germany during peacetime

33. Failed Rescue
At one point in Village, German border-police begin to surround the apartments
____________________________________________________
Plan changes to fly hostages and kidnappers to Cairo, Egypt
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Plan of ambush at airport by 5 German “snipers”
Located 3 on control tower roof, one behind service truck and one behind tower on ground level
Inaccurate count from before of how many actual terrorists
Before helicopters land, police on plane decide to abandon mission

34. “______________________”
2 kidnappers discover ____________________________
Gunfire as they rush back to plane
____________________________________________________
Helicopter pilots had fled
Armored personnel carriers are finally ordered and arrive
Hostages shot in one of the helicopters at gunpoint
Grenade then tossed into cockpit of helicopter
Hostages in other helicopter also killed by gunfire
____ terrorists captured alive
ABC coverage of events
______________________________________________
Initial reports said all hostages were alive
“They’re all gone”

35. Aftermath of the Massacre
Criticism of handling
____________________________________________________
September 6: Memorial service with 80,000 spectators and 3,000 athletes
Games would resume after some individual athletes and countries pulled out

36. Israeli Response
September 8: Israel bombs 10 PLO bases in _______ and __________________
October 29: ________________________ plane guarantees _________________________________
Operation Spring of Youth and Operation Wrath of God
Targets list of PLO leaders
Palestinian Liberation Organization
Operations continue for more than 20 years for revenge of Munich Massacre against PLO
2004: Families of Israeli victims reach financial settlement with Germany

37. ___________________ December 21, 1988
Flight from __________ to _______________
Explosion takes place at approximately 31,000 feet over ______________, Scotland
______ passengers and crew members killed
Majority of those killed Americans (189)
___ people on the ground as well as 21 homes

38. Explosion and Investigation
_____________________ bomb with explosive Semtex hidden in cassette player and placed in _______________
Explosion was located on left side of plane under “P” in Pan Am
Belief is that the cockpit separated within 3 seconds of explosion
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Remains of plane covered more than ______ square miles
Bodies and evidence left for days to be collected
_____________ pieces of evidence

39. _______________ Connection
Connection to 2 Libyan intelligence agents
Retaliation for U.S. bombing on Tripoli in 1986
Muammar Qaddafi refuses to turn over suspects
1998 finally agrees to extradition to Scotland
______________________________ convicted in 2001
Sentenced to ____ years (later ____)
Lamin Fhimah was acquitted
Al-Megrahi ______________ in August, 2009 on ___________________ diagnosed with ______________
Feb. 22, 2011: Ex-Minister of Justice in Libya admits that ______________________ had personally ordered bombing
U.S. asks for extradition but it is denied
October, 2011 gives interview from bed stating he only has days, weeks or months to live
Dies May 20, 2012

40. Cases of American Citizens Abroad
International Law Enforcement, Courts and Punishment

41. _____________ and ___________
18 year old American student in ____________________
Living with mother and stepfather
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Michael Fay charged with others with more than ___ counts
Pleads guilty
Later admits to only stealing signs but plea was to avoid punishment of caning
Sentenced to four months in jail, a fine and _______________________________
Later sentence dropped to 4 strokes

42. U.S. Government Responds
President _______________ requests leniency
Official U.S. position respects Singapore’s right to punish but believed punishment to be excessive
________________________________________________________________________________________
2 dozen U.S. Senators sign petition
________________________________________
____________________________________________
Support and opposition within the United States was split

43. Caning of Michael Fay
May 5, 1994 punishment takes place with ___ strokes across bare buttocks
________________________________________________________________________________________
Able to walk and sit down
________________________________________
____________________________________________
Later in life would have addiction problems
Multiple arrests for drugs and alcohol in Florida

44. ___________________ and _____
High school student from ______________________
Disappears while in Aruba for graduation trip on May 30, 2005
Last seen outside of Carlos and Charlie’s
____________________________ and two other men
3 men claim to have dropped her off at hotel
Does not show up for scheduled flight home
Luggage found packed in her room with passport
________________________________________________________________________________________
Search unsuccessful and called off Dec. 18 with Aruban authorities announcing she was probably dead

45. ____________________________
Dutch student studying in Aruba
Identified on surveillance tape by hotel security
Unclear still if the cameras were actually working or whether Holloway was identified
Former Police Commissioner has stated Holloway did not ever pass through lobby to return to room
Day of disappearance, immediately denies knowing Holloway but later admits to being with her that night
Claims that man who was dressed like security guard helped her after she was dropped off and fell
Case reopens in Feb., 2008 after video released of van der Sloot saying he had disposed of body
Later would deny the comments
Also mentions she might have been sold into sex slavery

46. The Search Search begins with joint U.S. and forces from Aruba
Some citizens given day off to help in search
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in constant communication
2 security guards from nearby hotel early on questioned
Van der Sloot and 2 other men later arrested
Aruban law allows for arrest on serious suspicion
Stories begin to change
Van der sloot admits to being left alone on beach with Holloway after being dropped off
Claims he did not harm her but instead left her alone and he walked home
Then claims he was dropped off by other 2 men and then they took Holloway home
Further investigation
Later partial draining of suspected ponds
Aerial photos looking for shifts in ground for potential grave
Searching of a landfill
Netherlands take over the investigation in Sept. 2006
Again arrested on suspicion in 2007 only to be released again
Dec prosecutor announces closing of case

47. Family Complaints
Questions regarding slow reaction and progress in investigation
Boycott of Aruba
Support from Alabama Governor Bob Riley
Case reopens in Feb after once again van der Sloot admits to responsibility only to later deny it
Claims to be under the influence at the time
He also would retract his statement that he sold her into slavery
March, 2010: Van der Sloot makes an offer to the family of Natalee’s through their attorney the events surrounding disappearance and location of body
Van der Sloot later charged in U.S. District Court with extortion and fraud after money had been wired

48. New Charges on Van Der Sloot
5 years to the day since the disappearance of Holloway, Stephany Ramirez in Lima, Peru disappears
Found 3 days later in hotel room registered to Van der Sloot
Arrested in Chile and sent to Peru to face charges
Admits during questioning to killing Ramirez as well as knowing whereabouts of Holloway
Charged with first-degree murder and robbery
January 13, 2012: sentenced to 28 years in prison
Faces extradition to U.S. following release to face extortion charges
Cooperative efforts between Peru and Aruba in further interviews
Van der Sloot admits to extortion plot to get back at family for “making his life tough”
Dave Holloway files petition to have her daughter declared legally dead in June 2011 but mother Beth Twitty blocks it
Legal presumption of death can allow for movement forward with investigation and charges
Alabama judge rules she is legally dead on Jan. 12, 2012 Cl