1. Word meaning Word meaning changes over time
In King James Bible by and by means immediately

2. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Are our own concepts of time, space, and matter given in substantially the same form by experience to all men, or are they in part conditioned by the structure of particular languages?

3. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Are our own concepts of time, space, and matter given in substantially the same form by experience to all men, or are they in part conditioned by the structure of particular languages?
Are there traceable affinities between (a) cultural and behavioral norms and (b) large- scale linguistic patterns?

4. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages. The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds—and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds. We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way — an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language... all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar, or can in some way be calibrated.

5. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The structure of one’s language influences the manner in which one perceives and understands the world, therefore, speakers of different languages will perceive the world differently.

6. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Strong version
Language determines certain non-linguistic cognitive processes, that is, language determines our perception of the world.

7. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Strong version
Language determines certain non-linguistic cognitive processes, that is, language determines our perception of the world.
Weak version
Language biases our view of the world.

8. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Strong version
Reality is imposed by one's language so you can alter someone's thoughts by altering his/her language
Is that even possible?
Do totalitarian governments ban words?

9. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Strong version
Reality is imposed by one's language so you can alter someone's thoughts by altering his/her language
Is that even possible?
Do totalitarian governments ban words?
Linguistic categories create cognitive categories

10. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
I am hot
I have heat

11. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
I am hot
I have heat
I have two daisies
There are two daisies to me

12. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
I am hot
I have heat
I have two daisies
There are two daisies to me
We went (past tense) to the store
We go (past meaning, no past tense) to the store

13. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
I am leaving (marked with iterative aspect)
I am leaving (marked with future aspect)

14. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Does language affect how we perceive colors?
How would you divide the spectrum up?

15. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
English
Berimno

16. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
People who don't have different words for blue and green can't distinguish them

17. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Strong version
Reality is imposed by one's language so you can alter someone's thoughts by altering his/her language

18. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Chinese numbers for eleven and twelve = 10+1, 10+2, etc.
English numbers = separate words (eleven, twelve, etc)
Chinese-speaking children learn to count and understand numbers in the teen range better than English-speaking children

19. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Verbs can contain information about movement
path
manner
ground
figure
The ball rolled down the road
manner=roll
path=down the road
ground=road
figure=ball

20. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Verbs can contain information about movement
path
manner
ground
figure
The ball rolled down the road
manner=roll
path=down the road
ground=road
figure=ball
English verbs contain manner, not path

21. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
English verbs encode manner not path
French verbs encode path, not manner
English
figure
manner
path
ground
She
cycled
over
the bridge
The bird
flew
out of
its cage
Elle
a traverse
la Manche
a velo
she
crossed
the Channel
by plane

22. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Other examples
Drudge = marcher péniblement (walk tediously)
March = marcher au pas (walk stepping)
Plod = marcher d’un pas lent (walk with a slow step)
Saunter = marcher d’un pas nonchalant (walk with a nonchalant step)

23. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
In some experiment

24. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Languages with gender
all objects animate and inanimate have gender
English and Spanish kids asked to group objects into two
33% of Spanish kids did it by gender

25. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Languages with gender
all objects animate and inanimate have gender
English and Spanish kids asked to group objects into two
33% of Spanish kids did it by gender
Should this have a man's or woman's voice
Spanish did it by gender
English had no pattern

26. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Languages with gender
all objects animate and inanimate have gender
English and Spanish kids asked to group objects into two
33% of Spanish kids did it by gender
Should this have a man's or woman's voice
Spanish did it by gender
English had no pattern
Kids with gender language recognize gender of other kids faster than kids with no gender in language

27. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
German English bilinguals
Spanish English bilinguals
Key is feminine in Spanish and masculine in German
Bridge is masculine in Spanish and feminine in German

28. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
German English bilinguals
Spanish English bilinguals
Key is feminine in Spanish and masculine in German
Bridge is masculine in Spanish and feminine in German
Describe key
German: hard, heavy, jagged
Spanish: light, shiny, little

29. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
German English bilinguals
Spanish English bilinguals
Key is feminine in Spanish and masculine in German
Bridge is masculine in Spanish and feminine in German
Describe bridge
German: beautiful, elegant, peaceful, slender
Spanish: big, dangerous, strong, sturdy

30. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

31. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

32. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
English: put on versus put in
Korean: interlock things versus put loosely in container
They asked kids to describe what was being done (buttoning, joining, separating, inserting, attaching, hanging, dressing things)
Korean kids classified things as interlocking and tightly fitting by using same words to describe them. Same words not used for “in and on”
English kids the opposite