1. Chapter 5 Nuclear Chemistry
Lecture Presentation
Chapter 5 Nuclear Chemistry
Karen C. Timberlake

2. Chapter 5 Nuclear Chemistry
A nuclear medicine technologist works in a hospital where nuclear medicine is used to diagnose and treat a variety of medical conditions. The technologist prepares the radioisotopes given to patients and uses a scanner that converts the radiation from various parts of the body into images.

3. Chapter 5 Readiness Key Math Skills
Using Positive and Negative Numbers in Calculations (1.4B)
Solving Equations (1.4D)
Interpreting a Graph (1.4E)
Core Chemistry Skills
Using Conversion Factors (2.6)
Counting Protons and Neutrons (4.4)
Writing Atomic Symbols for Isotopes (4.5)

4. 5.1 Natural Radioactivity
In a nuclear pharmacy, a person working with radioisotopes wears protective clothing and gloves and uses a lead glass shield on a syringe.
Learning Goal Describe alpha, beta, positron, and gamma radiation.

5. Natural Radioactivity
Radioactivity comes from unstable nuclei, which are
found in elements with atomic numbers 20 and higher.
defined as nuclei in which the nuclear forces cannot offset the repulsions between the protons.
radioactive, emitting small particles of energy called radiation to become more stable.
Radiation may take the form of alpha (α) and beta (β) particles, positrons (β+), or pure energy such as gamma (γ) rays.

6. Radioisotope A radioisotope
is an isotope of an element that emits radiation.
can be one or more isotopes of an element.
includes the mass number in its name.
The atomic symbol for iodine-131, a radioisotope used in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders, has a mass number of 131 and an atomic number of 53.

7. Stable and Radioactive Isotopes

8. Types of Radiation Radioisotopes emit radiation such as
alpha (α) particles, identical to a helium nucleus,
beta (β) particles, high energy electrons, .
positrons (β+),
pure energy called gamma (γ) rays, .

9. Some Forms of Radiation

10. Study Check
Identify and write the symbol for each of the following types of radiation.
alpha particle
positron
beta particle

11. Solution
Identify and write the symbol for each of the following types of radiation.
alpha particle
positron
beta particle

12. Biological Effects of Radiation
Ionizing radiation strikes molecules in its path and
knocks away the electrons in molecules, forming unstable ions such as H2O+.
causes undesirable chemical reactions.
damages the cells most sensitive to radiation, rapidly dividing cells in bone marrow, skin, and reproductive organs, thus causing cancer.
Different types of radiation penetrate the body to different depths.

13. Radiation Protection Radiation protection requires
paper and clothing for blocking alpha particles.
a lab coat or gloves for blocking beta particles.
dense shielding such as lead or concrete to block gamma rays.
For those working in an environment where radioactive materials are present, limit your exposure by
minimizing the amount of time spent near a radioactive source.
increasing the distance from the source.

14. Properties of Radiation

15. Study Check
Indicate the type of radiation (alpha, beta, and/or gamma) protection for each type of shielding.
A. heavy clothing
B. paper
C. lead
D. thick concrete

16. Solution
Indicate the type of radiation (alpha, beta, and/or gamma) protection for each type of shielding.
A. heavy clothing alpha, beta
B. paper alpha
C. lead alpha, beta, gamma
D. thick concrete alpha, beta, gamma