1. Energy Sources

2. Non-Renewable
A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption.

3. Fossil Fuels Coal, Oil and Natural Gas Are called "fossil fuels"
because they have been
formed from the fossilized remains of prehistoric plants and animals.
They provide around 66% of the world's electrical power, and 95% of the world's total energy demands

4. How Fossil Fuels Work
Coal is crushed to a fine dust and burnt. Oil and gas can be burnt directly.
Burn fuel> heat water to make steam> steam turns turbine>turbine turns generator>electrical power sent around the country

5. Advantages to Using Fossil Fuels
Very large amounts of electricity can be generated in one place using coal, fairly cheaply.
Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is easy.
Gas-fired power stations are very efficient.
A fossil-fuelled power
station can be built
almost anywhere

6. Disadvantages of Using Fossil Fuels
Basically, the main drawback of fossil fuels is pollution.
Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide, which contributes to the "greenhouse effect", warming the Earth.
Burning coal produces Sulphur dioxide, a gas that contributes to acid rain.
With the United States importing 55% of its oil, oil spills are a serious problem
Mining coal can be difficult
and dangerous. Strip mining
destroys large areas
of the landscape.

7. Coal provides around 28% of our energy, and oil provides 40%.

8. Coal mines Surface (strip) mine, Western U.S.
Underground (shaft) mine,
Eastern U.S.

9. Coal cheaper, but polluting
Much Eastern U.S. coal has
high-sulfur content, more expensive to mine
Much Western U.S. coal has low-sulfur content, cheaper to mine
But mining in semi-arid West
more damaging to land.

10. Coal Advantage
Abundance
Located in 70 countries
Low-Cost

11. Coal Disadvantages Greenhouse Gas Emission Coal Mining Deaths
Devastation of land around coal mine by mine fires
Displaced animals and humans if ground collapses
Harmful gas such as sulfur Dioxide. (Acid Rain)

12. Coal Disadvantage Non-Renewable Mined out of the ground
Black Lung Disease
(miners)
Respiratory illnesses
(public)

13. Effects on land Coal sludge releases Hardpan at strip mines
Mountaintop removal
Huge water use
Slurry pipelines

14. Effects on air Greenhouse gases Toxics 3/4 sulfur dioxide
1/3 nitrogen oxides
1/2 carbon dioxide
Toxics
Mercury
Uranium

15. Crude Oil called "petroleum” is easier to get out of the ground
than coal, as it can flow along pipes.
This also makes it cheaper to transport.

19. Exxon Valdez, Alaska 1989

20. Gulf Oil Spill

21. Bioremediation The uses of microbes(bacteria) to clean up oil spills
Used to help clean up after gulf spill
Biotechnology technic

22. Crude OilAdvantages
• Oil is one of the most abundant energy resources
• Liquid form of oil makes it easy to transport and use
• Oil has high heating value
Relatively inexpensive (Cost Low)
• No new technology needed to use

23. Crude Oil Disadvantages
• Oil burning leads to carbon emissions
• Finite resources (some disagree)Nonrenewable
• Oil recovery processes not efficient enough—technology needs to be developed to provide better yields
• Oil drilling endangers the environment and ecosystems
• Oil transportation (by ship) can lead to spills, causing environmental and ecological damage (major oil spills _______________. )

24. Natural gas provides around 20% of the world's consumption of energy

25. Natural Gas Advantage Cheaper and Cleaner low carbon fuel
Some states who are typically importers of energy can now become suppliers
It takes less time to build a natural gas power plant compared to a coal-fired plant
Manufacturing companies could now stay in the USA and remain competitive
It wasn’t affected by the Gulf War
Most Abundant in US

26. Natural Gas Disadvantage
Contamination of drinking water
Policymakers could hastily make up policies
Families being driven from their land due to careless drilling
Farm animals becoming sick and dying from spillage of contaminated water
Creating cavities in the earth
Highly flammable
Nonrenewable

27. Fracking Advantage Increased production of oil and natural gas
Decreased CO2 emissions
Provides Jobs
Uses water

28. Fracking Disadvantage
Pollute drinking water
Environmental Damage
Waste water
Uses water

29. Nuclear Power Nuclear power is generated using
Uranium, which is a metal mined in various parts of the world.
Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needs, and produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel, without the pollution that you'd get from burning fossil fuels.

30. How Nuclear Power Works
Nuclear fission makes heat>heated water makes steam>steam turns turbines>turbines turn generators>electrical power is sent around the country

31. The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear fission. Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat.

32. Advantages to Using Nuclear Power
Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it's not expensive to make.
Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel.
Produces small amounts
of waste.
Nuclear power is reliable.

33. Disadvantages of Nuclear Power
Although not much waste is produced, it is very, very dangerous radioactive waste. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away.

34. Renewable
Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished in a short period of time. ● Solar ● Geothermal ● Wind ● Biomass ● Hydropower (water)

35. Solar Power Solar Cells really
called photovoltaic" or "photoelectric" cells) convert light directly into electricity.
In a sunny climate, you can get enough power to run a 100W light bulb from just one square meter of solar panel.

36. Solar Water Heating Heat from the Sun is used to heat water in
glass panels on your roof.
Solar heating is worthwhile in places like California and Australia, where you get lots of sunshine.

37. Solar Furnaces
use a huge array of mirrors to concentrate the Sun's energy into a small space and produce very high temperatures.

38. Advantages to solar power
Solar energy is free - it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution.
In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity to a remote place.
Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers

39. Disadvantages to Solar Power
Doesn't work at night.
Very expensive to build solar power stations. Solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they'll produce in their lifetime.
Can be unreliable unless you're in a very sunny climate.

40. Wind Power We've used the wind as an energy source for a long time.
The Babylonians and Chinese were
using wind power to pump water for irrigating crops 4,000 years ago, and sailing boats were around long before that.
Wind power was used in the Middle Ages, in Europe, to grind corn, which is where the term "windmill" comes from.

41. How Wind Power Works
The Sun heats our atmosphere unevenly, so some patches become warmer than others.
These warm patches of air rise, other air blows into replace them - and we feel a wind blowing.
We can use the energy in the wind by building a tall tower, with a large propeller on the top.

42. Advantages to Wind power
Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel.
Produces no waste or greenhouse gases.
The land beneath can usually still be used for farming.
Wind farms can be tourist attractions.
A good method of supplying energy to remote areas.

43. Disadvantages of Wind Power
The wind is not always predictable
some days have no wind.
Suitable areas for wind farms are
often near the coast, where land
is expensive.
Some people feel that covering
the landscape with these towers is unsightly.
Can kill birds - migrating flocks tend to like strong winds. Splat!
Can affect television reception if you live nearby.
Noisy. A wind generator makes a constant, low, "swooshing" noise day and night.

44. Hydroelectricity
A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake.
Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators.
Hydro-electricity provides 20% of the world’s power

45. Advantages of Hydroelectricity
Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free.
No waste or pollution produced.
Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power.
Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand.
Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly, unlike other power stations.
Electricity can be generated constantly.

46. Disadvantages to Hydro-electricity
The dams are very expensive to build.
Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing problems for animals that used to live there.
Finding a suitable site can be difficult - the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable.
Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have an impact on plant life.

47. How Biomass Works Plant and animal waste is used to
produce fuels such as methanol,
natural gas, and oil. We can use
rubbish, animal manure, woodchips,
seaweed, corn stalks and other wastes.
Sugar cane is harvested and taken to a mill, where it is crushed to extract the juice. The juice is used to make sugar, whilst the left-over pulp, called "bagasse" can be burned in a power station.
Other solid wastes, can be burned to provide heat, or used to make steam for a power station.

48. Biomass
Burn fuel>heat water to make steam>steam turns turbine>turbine turns generator>electrical power sent around the country

49. Advantages to Biomass
It makes sense to use waste materials where we can.
The fuel tends to be cheap.
Less demand on the Earth's resources.

50. Disadvantages to Using Biomass
Collecting the waste in
sufficient quantities can be
difficult.
We burn the fuel, so
it makes greenhouse gases.
Some waste materials are not available all year round.
Taking food products to produce energy

51. Geothermal Power
Hot rocks underground heat water to produce steam. We drill holes down to the hot region, steam comes up, is purified and used to drive turbines, which drive electric generators.
There may be natural "groundwater" in the hot rocks anyway, or we may need to drill more holes and pump water down to them.

52. Advantages to Geothermal Power
Geothermal energy does
not produce any pollution, and
does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
The power stations do not take up much room, so there is not much impact on the environment.
No fuel is needed.
Once you've built a geothermal power station, the energy is almost free. It may need a little energy to run a pump, but this can be taken from the energy being generated.

53. Disadvantages to Geothermal Power
The big problem is that there are not many places where you can build a geothermal power station. You need hot rocks of a suitable type, at a depth where we can drill down to them. The type of rock above is also important, it must be of a type that we can easily drill through.
Sometimes a geothermal site may "run out of steam", perhaps for decades.
Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from underground, and can be difficult to safely dispose of.

54. Tidal Power
Tidal power works rather like a hydro-electric scheme, except that the dam is much bigger.
A huge dam (called a "barrage") is built across a river estuary. When the tide goes in and out, the water flows through tunnels in the dam.
The ebb and flow of the tides can be used to turn a turbine, or it can be used to push air through a pipe, which then turns a turbine. Large lock gates, like the ones used on canals, allow ships to pass.
Only around 20 sites in the world have been identified
as possible tidal power stations.

55. Advantages to Tidal Power
Once you've built it, tidal power is free.
It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste.
It needs no fuel.
It produces electricity reliably.
Not expensive to maintain.
Tides are totally predictable.

56. Disadvantages to Tidal Power
A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to build, and affects a very wide area - the environment is changed for many miles upstream and downstream. Many birds rely on the tide uncovering the mud flats so that they can feed. there are few suitable sites for tidal barrages.
Only provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide is actually moving in or out.

57. Hydrogen Cell
A hydrogen fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen into water by a chemical reaction which produces electricity.

58. Hydrogen Cell Advantages
Less Greenhouse Emissions
Less Air pollution
Less dependent on oil
Does not need recharging
No moving Parts
No noise

59. Hydrogen Cell Disadvantage
•High cost
•Requires fuel transportation of hydrogen
•Reliability still evolving.
•Durability, particularly at high temperatures.
•Hydrogen fuel not readily available
•Safety concerns with hydrogen (though it is less dangerous than gasoline)
Public Acceptance