1. Introduction To Artificial Intelligence
CSC
Where does AI fit in Computer Science?
CSC is often a middleman between the computing platform and an application
While some problems require simple data processing (e.g., bank or credit card account statements), others require more sophisticated processing arising from a more complex problem. Does computational complexity reflect intelligence or significance of meaning?
In some situations, we may may even seek to replace humans in an application and therefore must mimic their performance. For example, one goal of the US Navy in the 21st century is to provide current levels of combat readiness with one-third the crew.

2. What Is (Artificial) Intelligence?
What is intelligence?
The ability to learn or understand from experience
The ability to acquire and retain knowledge
The ability to respond quickly and successfully to a new situation
The ability to use reason to solve problems
BTW
What is knowledge?
The act, fact, or state of knowing, including acquaintance or familiarity, awareness, and understanding;
Acquaintance with facts;
All that has been perceived by the mind; learning.
What does it mean “to know”?
Have a clear perception or understanding (How do we measure this?);
To be aware of, well informed about, or sure of;
To have securely in the memory
What is reason?
An explanation, justification, or motive
The ability to think, from judgments, or draw conclusions from known or assumed facts (BTW, “facts” are “the situation as it is”, “reality,” or “the truth”! One might prefer a term such as “evidence” rather than “fact”)
CSC 415, Introduction to AI
12/6/2017

3. What Is Artificial Intelligence?
If intelligence is learning, understanding, retaining, responding, and using reason then what is AI?
Is mimicking such phenomena using a machine an expression of artificial intelligence?
If one finds a clock keeping perfect time, to what would he ascribe intelligence?
CSC 415, Introduction to AI
12/6/2017

4. The Turing Test
Place both a human and a machine mimicking human responses outside the field of direct observation and use an unbiased interface to interrogate them. If the responses are distinguishable, the machine is not displaying intelligence.
CSC 415, Introduction to AI
12/6/2017

5. Two Foci of AI Symbol processing Connectionist processing
An early thrust of AI research
Stereotyped by expert systems, knowledge bases, and inference engines
Connectionist processing
Typified by emergent computation
Often leads to representations possessing large degrees of parallelism
Both foci were present in the earliest phases of modern AI research (circa, 1945) and symbolic processing dominated study for several decades. This leadership was in large measure to to the state of technology favoring digital (versus analog) computation However, in the mid-seventies
CSC 415, Introduction to AI
12/6/2017

6. An AI Processing Paradigm
Sensor Systems
Response Planner
Input
Stimulus
Notice that some processing may be linear (feedforward), while other times closed loop (feedback) processing may be required.
Effector Systems
Output
Response
CSC 415, Introduction to AI
12/6/2017

7. Some Key Contributors: A Note on Origins
McCulloch and Pitts (perceptrons)
Turing, von Neumann, Shannon, and McCarthy
Rosenblatt (perceptron learning)
Minsky and Papert
Widrow and Hoff (Adaline)
Zadeh (fuzzy logic)
Werbos, Rumelhart, McClelland, Hinton, Parker, Le Cun
Grossberg, Hopfield
Holland, Goldberg, De Jong, Koza
CSC 415, Introduction to AI
12/6/2017

8. What Will We Study? Algorithms and Representation
Sensor systems
Primarily one- and two-dimensional signal sources such as sounds, image data, sunspot counts, or values in a chaotic time series
Other sensor data representation such as ensemble codes and transforms
Response planning
Motion planning—TSP, resource allocation, scheduling
Search strategies—Swarms, GAs, Neural networks
Effector systems
Robot action control
CSC 415, Introduction to AI
12/6/2017

9. Robot Demos Simple line following Find-and-grab Robot tag
Robot-to-robot communication (basis for cooperation)
Multi-sensor processing
Two sensor, line following
CSC 415, Introduction to AI
12/6/2017