1. "Civil Resistance from Gandhi to Present Time"
Some examples of movements and actions using nonviolent means in societal conflicts
Jørgen Johansen

2. Struggle for Justice; some examples of successful movements for justice

3. The struggle to abolish slave trade

4. Movements against specific wars

5. Movements for multiparty system

6. Movements for independence

7. Movements against specific weapon-systems

8. Against occupation
The Danish Resistance Movement in WWII smuggling Jews to Neutral Sweden

9. Against Segregation and other injustices

10. Against Dictatorships
Alexander Lukashenko and Belarus

11. Nonviolent Political Revolution
Changing the leadership of a state
Not necessarily a social revolution
Outside the constitutional frames
Without the use of armed violence by those who want change
The definition does not include anything about what sort of society we have before or get after the revolution

12. Solidarity in Poland opposing the Communist Regime 1980-89

13. Burma 2007

14. Regime change in Serbia 2000

15. Nonviolent revolution Benin 1989

16. People Power in the Philippines 1986

17. Egypt 2011

18. A Question of Power How to define Power? “Power over” and “Power to”
“Power to prevent” and “Power to act”
Main idea:
Power being dependent on cooperation

19. Power Taxpaying Working Military Service Police doing their job
Civil obedience
Bureaucracy

20. Power Collapse
Power
Military Service
Police doing their job

21. The Old and the New Revolutionaries

22. Six waves of Nonviolent Revolutions the last 30 years
All of them are under-researched
Wave One: Poland, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Philippines
Wave two: Czechoslovakia, DDR, Hungary, Bulgaria, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Russia
Wave three: Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Senegal, Mali, Malawi, Madagascar
Wave four: Serbia, Georgia, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon
Wave five: Iceland, Latvia, Hungary, Czech Republic,....
Wave six: Tunis, Egypt,...

23. Tunisia, Egypt… Will Yemen, Syria, Bahrain, and more follow?
No guarantees for victory
Just like in armed conflict the outcome is uncertain and difficult to predict
What about Libya?
No preparation for unarmed struggle
Unlike Egypt we saw groups prepared to take up arms
Missiles and bombs makes it more difficult to use civil resistance

24. So what?
Most oppositional movements have little preparations for taking power
Difficult enough to organise a movement
In order to have a sustainable success you must prepare for being in position
What about running a country? 24

25. Removing and building Obviously not enough to remove the old regime!
How to build a better system?
How to implement Human Rights at all levels in the society?
How to teach Conflict Transformation?
How to reduce corruption?
How to secure a peaceful future?
…………..

26. Conclusion Most successful revolutions carried out without weapons
Easier to remove than to replace
Lack of preparation for being in power
No reason to believe you need less training and planning for nonviolent campaigns compared with armed struggle
Nonviolence must be developed and improved 26

27. This was a short introduction to some of the basic experiences with civil resistance. And now we open up for questions and comments!