1. CLASS 19

2. Motivation and Emotion

3. What’s the difference? Confusing because they usually occur together
Emotion
the subjective experience of a physiological reaction to a stimulus
e.g. anxiety, excitement, disgust, love
Motivation:
activates a specific goal-directed behavior
hunger, thirst, sex, escape, money, power
not necessarily conscious

4. Q: Function of motivation ?
Simple Answer -- For survival:
Organisms need to initiate adaptive behaviors
(eat, drink, sleep, etc.)
Forces to push them in right direction
cars & computers can’t do it

5. VARIETIES OF MOTIVATION
How many and what is their origin?
Freud – just two
Learning theory – reward & punishment
Humanistic theory – hierarchy of needs
Instincts – too many and no organization
(37 according to William James, 1890)

6. Here are some of them….. Acceptance, the need for approval
Curiosity, the need to learn
Eating, the need for food
Family, the need to raise children
Honor, the need to be loyal to the traditional values of one's clan/ethnic group
Idealism, the need for social justice
Independence, the need for individuality

7. Independence, the need for individuality
Order, the need for organized, stable, predictable environments
Physical activity, the need for exercise
Power, the need for influence of will
Romance, the need for sex and for beauty
Saving, the need to collect
Social contact, the need for friends (peer relationships)
Social status, the need for social standing/importance
Tranquility, the need to be safe
Vengeance, the need to strike back and to compete

8. Darwin’s EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
Organizes and explains motivation
Motivations maximize reproduction of the species

9. Mechanism of evolution
Sexual reproduction  variation
Environmental pressures and mate-competition
Some survive
Namely, those who suit new circumstances
Floods
Famine
War

10. Evolution Creates Diverse Species
Many niches in ecosystem
Each niche selects for different traits
Yields great diversity between species
It all happens automatically !

11. Evolutionary Psychology
Not just physical differences are selected
Also behavior and thinking
Our species shows specific psychological tendencies
e.g., specific fears, desires and intuitions
Other species show their own tendencies

12. Who survived? The fittest ? The best reproducers ?
–not strength or speed but intelligence
The best reproducers ?
Must show cross-sex attraction
Effective reproducers
Must also enjoy nurturance
Adaptive qualities depend on gender

13. Individual Differences
Not emphasized in evolutionary theory
3 possibilities
1. Natural variation around ideal mean ?
2. Mutations ?
3. Polymorphisms ?

14. Gender differences
Predictable from evolutionary theory because males and females must have different reproductive agendas
IN SHORT:
Men spread their seed and fight off competitors
Women invest in their babies

15. Most sex differences are small
Except with regard to:
physical aggression
reproductive preferences
Those show large differences
Different species? Different planets?

16. Clark & Hatfield (1989) Students approached by opposite-sex stranger
1. Date ?
yes = 50% of males
50% of females
2. Have sex ?
yes = 75% of males
0% of females

17. Let me count the ways Casual sex vs. commitment
Sex vs. relationship focus
Entertainment choice
Interest in nurturance

18. Which theory ?
EP predicts all these differences should occur in every human society
Other theories predict that they should vary across culture

19. Class essay #3 Clark & Hatfield study (1989)
Do you think that the same sex difference would occur if this study were run on the UBC campus this year?
Explain your reasoning in words to OR to