1. The Years Between the Wars
The Futile Search for a New Stability:
Europe Between the Wars,

2. Timeline

3. An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security
Weaknesses of the League of Nations
The French Policy of Coercion (1919 – 1924)
Desire for strict enforcement the Treaty of Versailles
Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921 $33 billion
Paid in annual installments of billion gold marks
Germany unable to pay in 1922
French occupation of the Ruhr Valley
German mark fall to 4.2 trillion to $1, end of November 1923
The Hopeful Years (1924 – 1929)
Dawes Plan, 1924
Treaty of Locarno, 1925
Coexistence with Soviet Union

4. The Great Depression Problems in domestic economies
International financial crisis
Crash of the American stock market, October 1929
Affects European markets
Unemployment
Social Repercussions
Powerlessness of Governments

5. The Democratic States Great Britain France The United States
Labour Party failed to solve problems
Coalition claimed credit for prosperity
John Maynard Keynes ( )
Keynes says the government should create jobs
France
Was the strongest power in Europe
Could not solved financial problems
Popular Front
The United States
Herbert Hoover, ( )
Franklin D. Roosevelt, ( )
New Deal
Public works projects
World War II ends the depression

6. European States and the World: Colonial Empires
Rising tide of unrest in Asia and Africa
The Middle East
Division of Ottoman Empire
Turkey
Colonel Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)
India
Mohandas Gandhi (1869 – 1948) and Civil Disobedience
Africa
Britain and France awarded German colonies
Protest movements

7. Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States
Totalitarianism
By 1939 only France and Great Britain are democracies
The modern totalitarian state
Active commitment of citizens
Mass propaganda techniques
High speed communication
Led by single leader and single party

8. Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe
Conservative Authoritarian Governments
Eastern Europe
Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia adopted parliamentary systems
Romania and Bulgaria gained new parliamentary constitutions
Greece became a republic
Hungary parliamentary in form; controlled by landed aristocrats
Problems
Little or no tradition of liberalism and parliamentary form
Rural and agrarian society
Ethnic conflicts

9. Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure
The Roaring Twenties
Berlin, the entertainment center of Europe
Josephine Baker ( )
Jazz Age

10. Radio and Movies: Mass forms of Communication & Entertainment
Nellie Melba, June 16, 1920
BBC, 1926
Movies
Quo Vadis; Birth of a Nation
Stars became subjects of adoration
Marlene Dietrich
Used for political purposes
Nazis encourage cheap radios
Triumph of the Will, 1934

11. Mass Leisure Sports Tourism
Organized Mass Leisure in Italy and Germany
Dopolavoro in Italy
Kraft durch Freude in Germany

12. Cultural & Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years
Prewar avant-garde culture becomes acceptable
Political, economic, and social insecurities
Radical changes in women’s styles
Theodor van de Velde
Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique
Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music
Abstract painting; fascination with the absurd
Dadaism
Tristan Tzara ( )
Surrealism
Salvador Dali ( )
Functionalism in Modern Architecture
Bauhaus School in Germany

13. Cultural & Intellectual Trends (cont)
A Popular Audience
Kurt Weill, The Threepenny Opera
Art in Totalitarian Regimes
Art in service of the state
A New Style in Music
Arnold Schönberg (1874 – 1951)

14. Literature & Physics Between the Wars
The Search for the Unconscious
James Joyce ( ), Ulysses
Hermann Hesse ( )
Impact of Freud
Carl Jung ( )
The “Heroic Age of Physics”
Ernest Rutherford ( ), atom could be split
Werner Heisenberg ( ), “uncertainty principle”