1. Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 10
Blood
Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 10

2. Book Work Give the percentage and parts of blood.
What determines the color of blood? Why/When does it change colors?
What is plasma? What is albumin?
Define erythrocyte, anucleate, hemoglobin, biconcave
Define anemia and sickle cell anemia
Define leukocytes, leukocytosis, leukopenia, leukemia

3. Book Work Describe each Granulocytes Agranulocytes Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

4. Book Work Define hematopoiesis, hemocytoblast, erythropoietin
How long do RBC stay in the blood?
How long does it take to develop new RBC?
What are the 3 stages of hemostasis? Tell one main event that occurs during each stage.
Define thrombus, embolus, thrombocytopenia, hemophilia
Define antigen, phlebotomy, Rh blood groups

5. Book Work Page 345-346 Multiple Choice # 1-11
Page 346 Short Answer Essay #1, 2, 5, 8, 13
Page 346 At the Clinic #5

6. Blood Opaque Metallic taste Connective tissue
Only fluid tissue in the body
8% of body weight
Adult male has 5-6 liters or 6 quarts
Slightly warmer than body temperature

7. Blood Erythrocytes White Blood Cells (WBC) & Platelets Plasma
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
45% of blood
White Blood Cells (WBC) & Platelets
<1% of blood
Plasma
55% of blood

8. Plasma Made up of approximately 90% water. Dissolved nutrients
Albumin (plasma protein) contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood
Distributes blood throughout the body

9. Erythrocytes Red Blood Cells Oxygen transport & returns CO2 to lungs
Anucleate – lack a nucleus
Hemoglobin
iron bearing protein
transport bulk of oxygen
Biconcave
Polycythemia
Increase in number of erythrocytes
Impairs circulation

10. Anemia Anemia- decrease in the ability to carry oxygen
Sickle cell anemia
Malaria belt in Africa
See table on p332 for more examples

11. Leukocyctes White Blood Cells Body defense against disease
Leukocytosis
Increase in WBC
Bacterial of viral infection
Leukopenia
Abnormally low WBC count
Leukemia
Excessive WBC
Immature WBC, incapable of carrying out protection

12. WBC groups Granulocytes Agranulocytes
Neutrophils – multi-lobed nucleus; active phagocytes that increase rapidly during acute infection
Eosinophils – increase during allergy attacks and kills parasitic worms
Basophils – rare; contains histamine
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes – form T cells and B cells; produces antibodies
Monocytes – active phagocytes that become macrophages; long term “clean-up team”

13. Platelets Fragments of megakaryocytes
Used in the blood clotting process

14. Hematopoiesis – Blood Cell Formation
Occurs in red bone marrow
Each type of blood cell is produced in different numbers depending on stimuli
Once mature, blood cells are discharged into the blood vessels
Adults:
Flat bones of the skull, pelvis, ribs, and sternum
Proximal epiphyses (ends) of the humerus and femur

15. Hematopoiesis – Blood Cell Formation
Stem Cell – hemocytoblast
Found in the red bone marrow
Gives rise to all of the formed elements

16. Hematopoiesis – Blood Cell Formation
Red Blood Cells
Anucleate
Can’t synthesize proteins, grow, or divide
Last days
Remains are eliminated by phagocytes
3-5 days for a hemocytoblast to develop into a mature RBC
Erythropoietin
Hormone that controls RBC production
Produced mainly by the kidneys
Increased release when oxygen levels are low
Created in kidney and some in liver

17. Hematopoiesis – Blood Cell Formation
White Blood Cells and Platelets
Production stimulated by hormones
Interleukins for white blood cells
Thrombopoietin for platelets
Released in response to specific chemical signals in the environment

18. Hemostasis – Blood Clotting
A series of reactions set into motion when a blood vessel wall breaks
Fast and localized reaction; 3-6 minutes
Calcium is essential for blood clotting
Liver is responsible for synthesis of clotting factors
Three Stages:
Platelet plug formation
Vascular spasms
Coagulation

19. Hemostasis – Blood Clotting
Stage 1: Platelet Plug Forms
Platelets become “sticky” and cling to the damaged site
Platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
Platelet plug = a small mass of platelets

20. Hemostasis – Blood Clotting
Stage 2: Vascular Spasms Occur
Anchored platelets release serotonin – causes blood vessel spasms
Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss

21. Hemostasis – Blood Clotting
Stage 3: Coagulation Events Occur (Blood Clotting)
Injured tissues release tissue factor
PF3, interacts with TF and other clotting factors to form an activator that triggers the clotting cascade
Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin in the plasma to thrombin, an enzyme
Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into fibrin, which forms the basis of the clot
Within an hour, the clot begins to retract, pulling the edges of the blood vessel close together

22. Hemostasis Imbalance
Thrombus – a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken vessel.
Coronary thrombosis – clot that forms in vessel in heart
Embolus – clot free floating in the bloodstream
Thromboctopenia – too few circulating platelets
Hemophilia – several hereditary bleeding disorders
Bleeding disorders often result from a lack of vitamin K

23. Transfusions The body can compensate for some blood loss.
15-30% can lead to weakness; over 30% can be fatal
Donated blood is taken & mixed with anticoagulant.
It can be stored for about 35 days.

24. Human Blood Groups
Antigen – genetically determined proteins; stimulates immune system to release antibodies
Antibodies – present in plasma
Agglutination – process of binding antibodies to antigen causing RBC to clump
ABO blood groups
Rh blood groups – most Americans are Rh+
Problems can occur in Rh- women carrying Rh+ babies (see page 341)

25. The ABO Blood Group Blood Group Frequency U.S. RBC antigens
Plasma Antibodies
Blood that can be received
White
Black
Asian AB 4% 5%
A, B
None
A, B, AB, O B
11%
20%
27%
Anti-A
B, O A
40%
28%
Anti-B
A, O O
45%
49%
Anti-A , Anti-B
See page 341 image.

26. Careers
Phlebotomist - person trained to draw blood from a patient for clinical or medical testing, transfusions, donations, or research.
My Job: Phlebotomist
Explore careers in blood

27. Crash Course Videos
Blood, Part 1 - True Blood: Crash Course A&P #29
Blood, Part 2 - There Will Be Blood: Crash Course A&P #30