1. The Cardiovascular System
The Blood

2. Fluids of the Body Cells of the body are serviced by 2 fluids: blood
composed of plasma and a variety of cells
transports nutrients and wastes
interstitial fluid
bathes the cells of the body
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid & then into the cells
Wastes move in the reverse direction

3. Functions of Blood Transportation Regulation
O2, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat & hormones
Regulation
pH through buffers
body temperature
coolant properties of water
vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat
water content of cells by interactions with dissolved ions and proteins
Protection from disease & loss of blood

4. Physical Characteristics of Blood
Denser and more viscous than water
Temperature of 38oC (100.4oF)
pH range
8 % of total body weight (20% of extracellular fluid)
Blood volume
5 to 6 liters in average male
4 to 5 liters in average female
hormonal negative feedback systems maintain constant blood volume and osmotic pressure

5. Components of Blood

6. Plasma Water (~91%) Proteins (~7%) albumins globulins fibrinogen
Other Solutes (~1.5%)
electrolytes
nutrients
gases
regulatory substances
waste products

7. Formed Elements of the Blood

8. Hematocrit
Percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells
female normal range: % (average of 42%)
male normal range: % (average of 47%)
Anemia
not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin
Polycythemia
too many RBCs (over 65%)
Dehydration, blood doping in athletes

9. Hemopoiesis

10. Red Blood Cells O2 / CO2 transport
Provides RBCs their ability to carry oxygen
No nucleus
Biconcave shape

11. RBC Lifecycle and Hemoglobin

12. Control of
Erythropoiesis

13. White Blood Cells Characteristics Nucleus lobed round Granules
granular
agranular

14. Lymphocyte Functions: Immune response Direct attack Antibodies
Characteristics:
Agranular
Round nucleus
Pale blue cytoplasm

15. Monocyte Functions: Phagocytosis Become macrophages Characteristics:
Large
Agranular
U-shaped nucleus

16. Neutrophil Functions: Phagocytize bacteria Characteristics:
Nucleus multi-lobed
Inconspicuous granules

17. Eosinophil Functions: Kills parasitic worms
Destroys antigen-antibody complexes
Characteristics:
Nucleus bilobed
Red granules

18. Basophil Functions: Release histamine Contain heparin Characteristics:
Nucleus lobed
Blue-purple granules

19. Emigration of WBCs
WBCs roll along endothelium, stick to it & squeeze between cells.
adhesion molecules (selectins) help WBCs stick to endothelium
displayed near site of injury
molecules (integrins) found on neutrophils assist in movement through wall
Neutrophils & macrophages phagocytize bacteria & debris
chemotaxis of both
kinins from injury site & toxins

20. WBC Physiology Less numerous than RBCs
5000 to 10,000 cells per drop of blood
1 WBC for every 700 RBC
Leukocytosis is a high white blood cell count
microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia or surgery
Leukopenia is low white blood cell count
radiation, shock or chemotherapy
Only 2% of total WBC population is in circulating blood at any given time
rest is in lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymph nodes & spleen

21. Differential WBC Count
Detection of changes in numbers of circulating WBCs (percentages of each type)
indicates infection, poisoning, leukemia, chemotherapy, parasites or allergy reaction
Normal WBC counts
neutrophils 60-70% (up if bacterial infection)
lymphocyte 20-25% (up if viral infection)
monocytes % (up if fungal/viral infection)
eosinophil % (up if parasite or allergy reaction)
basophil <1% (up if allergy reaction or hypothyroid)

22. Differential WBC Count

23. Complete Blood Count Screens for anemia and infection
Total RBC, WBC & platelet counts; differential WBC; hematocrit and hemoglobin measurements
Normal hemoglobin range
infants have 14 to 20 g/100mL of blood
adult females have 12 to 16 g/100mL of blood
adult males have 13.5 to 18g/100mL of blood

24. Platelets Myeloid stem cells develop eventually into a megakaryocyte
Splinters into fragments
Each fragment enclosed in a piece of plasma membrane
Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus
Help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug
Granules contain blood clot promoting chemicals
Short life span – 5-9 days

25. Summary of Formed Elements

26. Hemostasis - sequence of responses to stop bleeding 1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation (clotting)

27. Platelet Plug Formation

28. Blood Clotting

29. Clotting
Cascade

30. Clotting Factors

31. Blood Groups and Blood Types

32. Blood Groups and Blood Types

33. ABO Blood Group Interactions

34. Rh Factor Rh+ has Rh antigen no Rh antibody
Rh- no Rh antigen no Rh antibody
exposure of Rh- to Rh+ will produce antibody

35. Hemolytic Disease of the newborn (HDN)

36. Blood Typing

37. Anemia - reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
1. Insufficient number of RBCs
a. hemorrhagic anemia
b. hemolytic anemia
c. aplastic anemia
2. Decreased hemoglobin content
a. iron-deficiency anemia
b. pernicious anemia
3. Abnormal hemoglobin
a. thalassemia
b. sickle-cell anemia

38. Sickle-Cell Disease (SCD)
Genetic defect in hemoglobin molecule (Hb-S) that changes 2 amino acids
at very low O2 levels, RBC is deformed by changes in hemoglobin molecule within the RBC
sickle-shaped cells rupture easily = causing anemia & clots
Person with only one sickle cell gene
increased resistance to malaria because RBC membranes leak K+ & lowered levels of K+ kill the parasite infecting the red blood cells

39. Hemophilia Inherited deficiency of clotting factors
bleeding spontaneously or after minor trauma
subcutaneous & intramuscular hemorrhaging
nosebleeds, blood in urine, articular bleeding & pain
Hemophilia A lacks factor VIII (males only)
most common
Hemophilia B lacks factor IX (males only)
Hemophilia C (males & females)
less severe because alternate clotting activator exists
Treatment is transfusions of fresh plasma or concentrates of the missing clotting factor

40. Leukemia Acute leukemia Chronic leukemia
uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes
crowding out of normal red bone marrow cells by production of immature WBC
prevents production of RBC & platelets
Chronic leukemia
accumulation of mature WBC in bloodstream because they do not die
classified by type of WBC that is predominant---monocytic, lymphocytic