1. Blood Flow & Blood Types
Ch. 10b

2. Challenge Problem
1. Make sure you have a note packet from the front tray if you didn’t get one Fri
2. Go to the computer cart, check your number, and get that computer
3. log in
4. go to this site
5. DO NOT PROCEED WITH GAME YET!
***Meet in rm D-421 on Wednesday because of PSAT***

3. In Review… Blood is a fluid _________ tissue
Blood is composed of _______ & _______ _______
Plasma contains water and many dissolved chemicals
Formed elements include __________, __________, and _________

4. Challenge Problem- circle the correct word
Blood cells are made from __________ bone marrow
Stem cells called hemocytoblasts
Red Blood Cell formation is initiated by ___________ produced by the kidneys. These hormones are produced in response to low oxygen levels in the blood.
Negative Feedback controls this process

5. So, we know that blood flows through our blood vessels in our bodies…but what happens when a blood vessel breaks?

6. Hemostasis Stoppage of blood flow
Happens when there is a break in a blood vessel
involves three phases
Platelet plug formation
Vascular spasms
Coagulation
Slide 10.18
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7. Platelet Plug Formation
Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers
Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug
Slide 10.19
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. What do you notice about the concentration of erythrocytes and other things?

10. Vascular Spasms Anchored platelets release serotonin
Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles to spasm
Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
Slide 10.20
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11. Coagulation Injured tissues release thromboplastin
PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade
Slide 10.21a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12. Coagulation Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrin
Fibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot)
Slide 10.21b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

13. Blood Clotting Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes
The clot remains as endothelium regenerates
The clot is broken down after tissue repair
Slide 10.22
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14. Quick Quiz
What is Hemostasis?
What are the three steps to Hemostasis?

15. Does blood ever clot when there is not tissue damage?

16. Undesirable Clotting Thrombus Embolus
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel (stops blood flow)
Can be deadly in areas like the heart
Embolus
A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
Slide 10.23
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

17. What about when blood cannot clot?

18. Bleeding Disorders Thrombocytopenia Hemophilia Platelet deficiency
Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Normal clotting factors are missing
Slide 10.24
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

19. So, what happens to a person that has a cut and can’t stop bleeding?

20. Blood Groups and Transfusions
Large losses of blood have serious consequences
Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness
Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal
Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly
Transfused blood must be of the same blood group
Slide 10.25
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21. I heard that people can have different blood types…what does that mean?

22. Listen for familiar words

23. Human Blood Groups Blood contains genetically determined proteins
A foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by the immune system
Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination)
Slide 10.26a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

24. Challenge Problem
1. Identify all the people a person with AB+ blood can get a transfusion from.
2. To whom can a person with B- blood give blood to?
3. If there was an accident and a person was Rh+ who can give them blood?
4. Identify the different parts of blood.
5. Which part of our blood protects us from infection?

25. Ernie’s Exit
Take 1 minute to review your results and write a plausible story (conclusion)
Trade papers with someone at your group
When reading, is their conclusion backed up by evidence?
Who did it? How do you know?

26. Human Blood Groups There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens
The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens
Slide 10.26b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

27. ABO Blood Groups
Based on the presence or absence of two antigens on red blood cells
Type A antigens
Type B antigens
Slide 10.27a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

28. ABO Blood Groups Blood Type AB The presence of both A and B antigens
Does not have any antibodies for ABO blood antigens
Can accept blood from any ABO blood type
Can only give blood to Type AB recipients
Slide 10.27b

30. ABO Blood Groups Blood Type A The presence A antigens only
Has Anti-B antibodies
Can accept blood from A or O type donors
Blood Type B
The presence of B antigens only
Has Anti-A antibodies
Can accept blood from B or O type donors
Slide 10.27b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

32. ABO Blood Groups Blood Type O The absence of both A & B antigens
Has BOTH Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
Can only accept blood from O type donors
Can give blood to all blood types
Slide 10.27b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

34. ABO Blood Groups
Problems occur when you mix blood with different AB antigens

35. Rh Blood Groups
Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D)
Most Americans are Rh+
Meaning that they DO have one of the Rh antigens
Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood
Slide 10.28
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

36. Rh Blood Groups Rh + people Rh - people Have Rh antigen
Do not have any Rh antibodies
Can receive blood from Rh + or Rh - donors
Rh - people
Do not have any Rh antigens
DO have Rh antibodies
Can only receive blood from Rh- donors

37. Blood Typing Game http://tinyurl.com/goo4dwc Get 1 computer per pair
Go to the website above
You are a Registered Nurse who needs to provide life-saving care to someone in need of blood.

38. After playing the game, see if you can fill this chart out on your notes somewhere

39. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
Danger is only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor
Slide 10.29a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

40. Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child
The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems
The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy
In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
Slide 10.29b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

41. Whew! That’s a lot of information…how do we determine blood type anyway?

42. Blood Typing
When blood is mixed with an antibody for its antigens, it will clot:
Type A blood mixed with Anti-A antibodies = clotting
Give Type A blood to a Type B person (who has anti-A antibodies), their blood will clot and they will die

44. Blood Typing Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum
Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type
Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner
Cross matching – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
Slide 10.30
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

45. Quick Quiz
When a person with Rh + blood is tested in Anti-Rh serum, will there be clotting? Why or why not?
When a person with Type A blood is tested in Anti A serum, will there be clotting? Why or why not?
How about it Anti B serum, will there be clotting? Why or why not?