1. The Islamic World and Africa
Chapter 9

2. Page 1: Essential Questions
1) What are the major beliefs of Islam? (pages 4 & 6) 2) What were the political, economic, and social effects of the spread of Islamic culture? (page 8) 3) How did the Gold-Salt Trade encourage the growth of a series of prosperous kingdoms in West Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai? (page 10)

3. Page 2: Introduction
In this chapter, you will learn about developments in the Middle East and Africa during the post-classical era.
Mohammad founded Islam on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century.
The Quran/Koran is the sacred book of Islam. It records the teachings of Mohammad.
Muslims follow the 5 Pillars of Islam: faith in 1 God, prayer, charity, fasting, and making pilgrimage to Mecca.
Islam rapidly spread through Middle East, North Africa, and Spain. Islamic culture flourished under the caliphates. Islamic scholars made important contributions in mathematics, science, and architecture.

4. Page 2: Introduction (cont.)
The Gold-Salt trade exchanged salt from the Sahara Desert with gold found in West Africa.
The gold-salt trade encouraged growth of series of prosperous kingdoms in W. Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.
Other civilizations also flourished in Africa, including Ife, Benin, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, and cities of East Africa.
Use of captives as slaves, a practice common in the ancient world, encouraged later development of the slave trade.

5. Page 3: Key Terminology Islam 9) Savanna
Five Pillars of Islam ) Timbuktu
Ghana, Mali, Songhai ) Quran (Koran)
Arabian Peninsula ) Gold-Salt Trade
Sunni Muslims ) Ibn Battuta
Shiite Muslims
Mohammad
Mansa Musa

6. Page 5: The Five Pillars of Islam
Create an illustration featuring The Five Pillars of Islam
Be sure to draw, label, and colorfully illustrate your design
You must show all 5 Pillars

7. Page 4: The Rise of Islam
Due to warfare between Byzantine and Persian empires trade land routes were changed
Sea routes now used, connecting India with Arabian Peninsula & Red Sea
Land camel caravans traveled along these trade routes
Mecca- holiest Muslim city
Islam was created in 600 A.D.
Islam- Arabic for the word “submission”
Within 100 yrs. Islam controlled large area of Roman Empire

8. Mohammed: Prophet of Islam
Islam founded by Mohammed
Born in 570, was a merchant and a shepherd
While meditating in the hills, the Angel Gabriel visited him and revealed to him that he was the next and final prophet
Allah- is the proper name for Islam’s God
He began to preach but attracted few followers; many enemies feared he would upset the political and social order

9. In 622, Mohammed and his followers fled to Medina (trip is called the Hegira), it is also the start of the Muslim calendar
In 630, he gathered an army to retake Mecca in a Jihad “holy war”
632 Mohammed died and is buried in Medina
At time of death most Arabian tribes were Muslims

10. The Quran (Koran) Quran- is sacred text of Islam
Allah spoke to Mohammad the records
Mohammed memorized them
Scribes wrote them in the Quran
Discusses: forms of worship, proper conduct, treatment of women
The fundamental doctrine is “there is no God but Allah; Mohammed is his prophet/messenger

11. Page 6: The Five Pillars of Islam
As part of Islam all true Muslims must perform 5 duties, called the 5 Pillars of Faith
Shahada (affirmation or belief)- “There is only 1 God/Allah and Mohammed is the Messenger of God”
Salat (prayer)- duty to worship Allah in prayer 5 times daily
Zakat (almsgiving/charity)- duty to give charity to help the poor/needy
Siyam (fasting)- duty to keep the Fast of Ramadan
Hajj (pilgrimage)- duty to make pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime

12. Islam Spreads Islam united various Arab tribes with same language
Strengthened their newfound unity
Set out for a “holy war” against non-believers/infidels
Fought to gain entry to heaven
Byzantine and Persian Empires were weak because of centuries of fighting each other
Allowed Islam to spread into Indus valley and to Spain, was stopped at Battle of Tours

13. The Caliphates
When Mohammed died, Muslim leaders chose a new leader- “Caliph” “Successor to Mohammed”
2 early caliphs were murdered
A new caliph founded the Umayyad Caliphate/family
Created a division in the Muslim religion
Sunnis- most Muslims followed the new caliph
Shiites- only Mohammed’s descendants could be caliphs

14. Umayyad caliphs moved capital to Damascus (Syria)
After 750, a new family, Abbasids took over the caliphate
Focused on trade not war
Built new capital at Baghdad (Iraq)
Absolute rulers
Surrounded himself with riches
Caliphs converted or enslaved other peoples they found worshipping other gods
Non-Arab converts had less rights

15. Page 7: Golden Age of Muslim Culture Bubble Maps
Create four separate bubble maps featuring:
Mathematics
Medicine
Arts and Crafts
Architecture

16. Page 8: Muslim Rulers Treated Christians and Jews with Respect because:
they worshiped one god
allowed self-governing communities
had to pay a special tax since they were not Muslims
could not hold some public offices

17. Golden Age of Muslim Culture
Period of great advances in culture and technology
Absorbed achievements of Greeks, Romans, Jews, Byzantines, and Persians
Arabic became language of Quran and empire
12th century, Muslims vs. Christians 4 control of Holy Lands (cultural diffusion)
1099 Jerusalem re-taken by Saladin (Muslim leader, warrior, hero)

18. Math Borrowed zero from India Developed Arabic numerals
Great advances in Geometry and Algebra
Medicine
Discovered blood moved to and from heart
Diagnosed many diseases (measles and smallpox)

19. Arts and Crafts
Forbids images of God
Islamic art mostly geometric designs, flowers, stars
Textiles, leather works, rugs are highly prized
Architecture
Muslim rulers built beautiful palaces and mosques, richly decorated with mosaics, calligraphy, geometrical designs

20. Page 10: Kingdoms of Africa
Anthropologists believe humanity 1st arose in E. Africa
Kush civilization early iron-producing center became rich selling iron, ivory, ebony, wood, and slaves
Kingdom of Ethiopia developed own form of Christianity

21. Page 9: The Gold-Salt Trade
Create a map featuring Africa’s Gold-Salt Trade
Please refer to page 128 in textbook
Include: drawing, labeling, and color to your illustration

22. Page 10: Kingdoms of Africa and The Gold-Salt Trade
The Sahara Desert was a barrier 4 trade between Mediterranean world and S. Africa
Travelers found oasis and developed paths to cross the Sahara
Merchants motivated 2 cross Sahara because of gold & other riches in W. Africa
W. Africa lacked salt, salt is needed 4 human survival

23. Merchants traveled on camel caravans across Sahara with blocks of salt 2 trade 4 gold
Thriving trade based on salt-gold
Ideas exchanged such as Islamic beliefs

24. Kingdom of Ghana ( )
Developed in region between Senegal and Niger Rivers
Made: iron swords, spears, lances to take control of trade routes
Kings of Ghana taxed the routes used 4 gold-salt trade
With this $ they created army with large cavalry
Built capital city and governed a large area with officials and nobles

25. Kings appointed nobles
Nobles had to make sure their land paid taxes
1076 Muslims from N. Africa invaded Ghana
Ghana never fully recovered
Ghana became several smaller states

26. Kingdom of Mali ( )
1240 people of Mali conquered old capital of Ghana and created a new empire
Kings took control of salt and gold mines
Mail’s rulers converted to Islam
Most of people did not and stayed with their own traditional beliefs
Mansa Musa- Mali’s most famous ruler, expanded kingdom
Brought Muslim scholars and architects back to Mali

27. Ordered palace and mosque built in Timbuktu
Important center for several universities
Because of the importance of the Koran, many people learned how to read and write
Ibn Battuta, an Arab traveler, did extensive traveling in Africa
Because of Ibn scholars know much about the life in Africa and the Middle East
Rulers after Mansa Mus were not as good, kingdom collapsed in the 1400’s

28. Kingdom of Songhai ( )
In 1464, Sultan Sunni Ali, ruler of the Songhai people, captured Timbuktu
The Kingdom of Songhai became the largest of W. Africa’s Kingdoms
Grew rich from trade across the Sahara
Expanded trade to Europe and Asia
Created elaborate system of taxation and communication

29. The Kingdom of Songhai only lasted 130 years
Morocco invaded W. Africa for its riches
Was able to defeat Songhai because they used gunpowder and the Kingdom used spears and arrows
Morocco was unable to govern from long distance
Kingdom split up into independent areas
Was the last great W. African kingdom

30. Other African States Ife and Benin
famous for their copper and bronze statues
16th century, became involved in the slave trade
traded captured people for guns and iron goods with Europeans

31. Zimbabwe One of the best trading kingdoms Large gold deposits
Traded gold, copper and ivory

32. Coastal Cities of East Africa
Merchants from Arabia and India would buy gold from these cities

33. Family Roles in Africa
Many African societies, boys and girls would be separated at puberty and have special ceremonies
Marriages arranged by families
Groom paid a dowry
Under Islam, women could only do household chores