1. Objectives
Explain how villages grew into cities.
List the characteristics of civilization.
Describe how the city of Ur exemplifies early civilizations.
Summarize how geography affected culture in the Fertile Crescent.
Describe city-states and how other cultures learned about them.
Describe Sumerian religious beliefs, social structure, and technology.
Explain the influence of Sumer on later civilizations.
Procedure: 1.3, 2.1
Bell Ringer: “Why do people like to live in cities? Why would early people want to live in cities?”
Lecture/Discussion
Homework Review
Homework:
Read Chapter 2.2,3 and answer the questions at the end of each section.
Guided Reading 1.3, 2.1

2. Chapter 1 Section 3 Civilization
Prosperous farming villages, food surpluses, and new technology lead to the rise of civilizations.

3. Villages Grow Into Cities
Agriculture Causes Change
Farming success leads to larger communities
Economic Changes
Ancient people build irrigation systems to increase food production (1)
Food surpluses free some people to develop new skills (1)
Craftspeople make cloth, objects; traders profit from exchange of goods
Invention of wheel and sail enable traders to travel longer distances

6. Villages Grow into Cities
Social Changes
Social classes develop; religion becomes more organized (2)

7. How Civilization Develops
Sumer
Located in Mesopotamia, now part of modern Iraq
One of the first civilizations-a complex culture:
Advanced cities
Specialized workers
Complex institutions
Record keeping
Advanced technology

9. How Civilization Develops
Advanced Cities
Cities with larger populations rise (4), become centers of trade
Specialized Workers
Labor becomes specialized- specific skills of workers developed (3)
Artisans make goods that show skill and artistic ability (3)

12. How Civilization Develops
Complex Institutions
Institutions-(governments, religion, the economy) are established
Governments establish laws, maintain order
Temples are centers for religion, government, and trade

14. How Civilization Develops
Record Keeping
Professional record keepers, scribes, record taxes and laws
Scribes invent cuneiform, a system of writing about 3000 B.C.
People begin to write about city events
Improved Technology
New tools and techniques make work easier
The Bronze Age starts in Sumer around 3000 B.C.
People replace copper and stone with bronze to make tools, weapons

17. Case Study: Ur in Sumer Civilization Emerges in Ur
Flourished about 3000 B.C. in what is now southern Iraq
Population about 30,000; live in well-defined social classes
Rulers, priests and priestesses, wealthy merchants, artisans, soldiers
An Agricultural Economy
Food surpluses keep the economy thriving
Life in the City
Families live in small houses tightly packed near one another
Artisans make trade goods and weapons for Ur’s army

19. Case Study: Ur in Sumer Ur’s Thriving Trade
Goods and services bartered, or traded without using money
Scribes make records of transactions (4)
The Temple: Center of City Life
Ziggurat, a temple, is tallest, most important building (B3)
Priests carry out religious rituals there
(interactive)

21. Chapter 2 Section 1 City-States in Mesopotamia
The earliest civilization in Asia rises in Mesopotamia and organizes into city-states

22. Geography of the Fertile Crescent
Fertile Crescent-arc of land between Persian Gulf and Mediterranean
Includes Mesopotamia-”land between the rivers”-a fertile plain
Tigris and Euphrates rivers flood once a year, leaving rich soil

24. Geography of the Fertile Crescent
Environmental Challenges
Around 3300 B.C. Sumerians begin farming southern Mesopotamia
Environment poses three disadvantages:
Floods are unpredictable; sometimes no rain
Land offers no barriers to invasion
Land has few natural resources; building materials scarce

25. Geography of the Fertile Crescent
Solving Problems Through Organization
Sumerians work together; find solutions to environmental problems
Build irrigation ditches to control water, produce crops (1)
Build walled cities for defense (2)
Trade grain, cloth, and tools for raw materials-stone wood, metal (3)
Organization, leadership, and laws are beginning of civilization

27. Sumerians Create City-States
Sumerian City-States
By 3000 B.C. Sumerians build cities surrounded by fields of crops
Each is a city-state-an independent political unit
Sumer city-states: Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma, and Ur
Each city has temple and ziggurat; priests appeal to gods (5)

30. Sumerians Create City-States
Priests and Rules Share Control
Sumer’s early governments controlled by temple priests
Some military leaders become rules; dynasties rule after 2500 B.C. (4)
Dynasty-series of rules from a single family
The Spread of Cities
By 2500 B.C. many new cities in Fertile Crescent
Sumerians exchange products and ideas with other cultures
Cultural diffusion-process of one culture spreading to others

32. Sumerian Culture A Religion of Many Gods Life in Sumerian Society
Sumerians believe in many different gods-polytheism (B1)
Gods are thought to control forces of nature
Gods behave as humans do, but people are gods’ servants
Life after death is bleak and gloomy
Life in Sumerian Society
Sumerians have social classes-kings, landholders, priests at top
Wealthy merchants next; at lowest level are slaves
Women have many rights; become priests, merchants, artisans

34. The two panels depict scenes of war (bottom) and peace (top)

35. Sumerian Culture Sumerian Science and Technology
Sumerians invent wheel, sail, and plow; first to use bronze (B4)
Make advances in arithmetic and geometry
Develop arches, columns, ramps, and pyramids for building
Have a complex system of writing-cuneiform
Study astronomy, chemistry, medicine

36. The First Empire Builders
Time of War
From 3000 to 2000 B.C. city- states at constant war
Sargon of Akkad
Around 2350 B.C., Sargon from Akkad defeats city- states of Sumer
Creates first empire- independent states under control of one leader
His dynast lasts about 200 years

37. The First Empire Builders
Babylonian Empire
Amorites, nomadic warriors, take control of region around 2000 B.C.
Make Babylon, on Euphrates River, the capital
Babylonian Empire at peak during Hammurabi’s rule ( B.C.)

39. The Epic of Gilgamesh (B2)

40. The First Empire Builders
Hammurabi’s Code
Hammurabi creates a code of laws for the Babylonian empire
282 laws on all aspects of life; engraved in stone and made public
Set different punishments depending on social class, gender
Goal is for government to take responsibility for order, justice
Amorite rule of Fertile Crescent ends 200 years after Hammurabi

41. The Code of Hammurabi

42. Objectives
Explain how villages grew into cities.
List the characteristics of civilization.
Describe how the city of Ur exemplifies early civilizations.
Summarize how geography affected culture in the Fertile Crescent.
Describe city-states and how other cultures learned about them.
Describe Sumerian religious beliefs, social structure, and technology.
Explain the influence of Sumer on later civilizations.
Procedure: 1.3, 2.1
Bell Ringer: “Why do people like to live in cities? Why would early people want to live in cities?”
Lecture/Discussion
Homework Review
Homework:
Read Chapter 2.2,3 and answer the questions at the end of each section.
Guided Reading 1.3, 2.1

43. Civilization

44. Has each of the following
Advanced cities
Specialized workers
Complex institutions
Record keeping
Advanced technology

45. Specialization

46. Development of skills needed for one specific kind of work

47. Artisan

48. Skilled workers who make goods by hand

49. Institution

50. Government, organized religion, and an economy

51. Scribe

52. People who used writing to keep records

53. Cuneiform

54. Means “wedge shaped” was a form of writing invented in Sumer

55. Bronze Age

56. The time when people bean using bronze to make tools and weapons

57. Barter

58. Trading goods and services without money

59. Ziggurat

60. Pyramid shaped part of a temple

61. Civilization
Advanced Cities
Specialized Workers
Complex institutions
Record keeping
Advanced technology

62. How did the social structure of village life change as the economy become more complex?

63. Social classes became more defined and religion become more organized

64. What role did irrigation systems play in the development of civilizations?

65. They allowed farmers to produce food surpluses, freeing some villagers to pursue other jobs and skills.

66. What are the key traits of a civilization?

67. Advanced cities
Specialized workers
Complex institutions
Record keeping
Advanced technology

68. Fertile Crescent

69. Arc of rich farmland in southwest Asia between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea

70. Mesopotamia

71. The land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

72. City State

73. Political unit much like an independent country

74. Dynasty

75. Series of rulers from a single family

76. Cultural Diffusion

77. New ideas spreading from one culture to another

78. Polytheism

79. Belief in many gods

80. Empire

81. Peoples, nations, or independent states under control of one ruler

82. Hammurabi

83. Babylonian ruler famous for his code of laws

84. Problems
Floods/Climate
No natural barriers
Limited resources
Solutions
Irrigation ditches
Walled cities
Trade with other groups

85. What were the three environmental challenges to Sumerians?

86. Unpredictable floods with a dry climate, few natural defenses, and few natural resources

87. How did the Sumerians view the gods?

88. They saw them as immortal and all-powerful and ready to punish them at any time

89. What areas of life did Hammurabi’s Code cover?

90. Family relations, business conduct, and crime

91. Objectives
Explain how villages grew into cities.
List the characteristics of civilization.
Describe how the city of Ur exemplifies early civilizations.
Summarize how geography affected culture in the Fertile Crescent.
Describe city-states and how other cultures learned about them.
Describe Sumerian religious beliefs, social structure, and technology.
Explain the influence of Sumer on later civilizations.
Procedure: 1.3, 2.1
Bell Ringer: “Why do people like to live in cities? Why would early people want to live in cities?”
Lecture/Discussion
Homework Review
Homework:
Read Chapter 2.2,3 and answer the questions at the end of each section.
Guided Reading 1.3, 2.1