1. Bruce E. Amrein, MES, MBA, CTS
Electricity
George
Westinghouse, Jr.
(1846 – 1914)
Thomas Alva
Edison
(1847 – 1931)
Electricity
&
Electronics
Bruce E. Amrein, MES, MBA, CTS

2. ELECTRICITY: AN ANALOGY

3. VOLTAGE (E)
The volt is a measure of electric potential. Electrical potential is a type of potential energy, and refers to the energy that could be released if electric current is allowed to flow.
The SI* unit of voltage is the Volt.
E= Electro-motive Force; the voltage developed by any source of electrical energy such as a battery
* SI= International System of Units
Alessandro Volta
(1745 – 1827)

4. CURRENT (I)
An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire.
The SI* unit for measuring an electric current is the ampere (A), which is the flow of electric charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second.
Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter.
1000 milliamps = 1 Ampere
André-Marie Ampère
(1775 – 1836)

5. RESISTANCE (Ω)
The resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through that conductor.
Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the notion of mechanical friction.
The SI unit of electrical resistance is the Ohm [Symbol: Ω (Omega)]
A resistor is an electrical component. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits
Georg Simon Ohm
(1789 – 1854)

6. DIRECT CURRENT or ALTERNATING CURRENT
Direct current is the one way flow of electrical charge from a positive to a negative charge.
Batteries produce direct current.
Direct Current is different than alternating current because the charge only flows in one direction.
Thomas Edison is credited for promoting direct current.
Alternating Current is when charges flow back and forth from a source.
AC flows in the form of a sine wave, back and forth– 60 times per second in the U.S.
Nikola Tesla was a pioneer in the advancement of alternating current.
It is the way we receive our electricity (for our houses, businesses, etc.)
Alternating Current: In the US, 60 cycles per second, or 60 Hertz, named after Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857 – 1894)

7. SYMBOLOGY & NOTATION
Voltage, symbolized by the letters “E” or “V”; measured in volts.
Current, symbolized by the letter “I”; measured in amps– short for amperes.
Small currents, symbolized by the letter “I”; measured in milliamps (1/1000th of an amp).
Resistance, symbolized by the letter “R”, measured in ohms (Ω).

8. OHM’S LAW
Defines the relationship between voltage (E), current (I), and resistance (R).
These basic electrical units apply to direct current, or alternating current.
Ohm’s Law is the foundation of electronics and electricity.
Ohm established in the late 1820s that if a voltage was applied to a resistance then “current would flow and then power would be consumed.”

9. ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS Load Wire (Resistor) Switch Batteries Lamp AC power
AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
PICTORIAL SCHEMATIC

10. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT RESISTORS
Resistors are often in series and parallel configurations in circuits
Series combination
R R R3 = RT
Parallel combination
27-1 Resistors in a circuit
R R R Req + + =

11. LAMPS IN SERIES OR PARALLEL CIRCUITS
27-1 Resistors in a circuit

12. MEASUREMENTS: DIGITAL MULTIMETER
DC VOLTAGE
DC AMPS
(ma)
RESISTANCE

13. LAB: RESISTOR COLOR CODES
Goals:
Learn Color Codes
Measure Resistance
Measure DC Voltage
Measure Current

14. RESISTOR COLOR CODES & MEASUREMENT
LAB:
RESISTOR COLOR CODES & MEASUREMENT
Goal
Measure Resistance
SET METER ON 2000 Ω SCALE Ω
GREEN BROWN RED ORANGE
BROWN BLACK BLACK WHITE
BROWN RED RED RED

15. RESISTOR COLOR CODES & MEASUREMENT
LAB:
RESISTOR COLOR CODES & MEASUREMENT
SET METER ON 2000 Ω SCALE
510 Ω Ω Ω Ω

16. RESISTOR COLOR CODES & MEASUREMENT
LAB:
RESISTOR COLOR CODES & MEASUREMENT
Goal:
Measure Resistance
Series Combinations
Parallel Combinations

17. RESISTOR COLOR CODES & MEASUREMENT
LAB:
RESISTOR COLOR CODES & MEASUREMENT
Goal:
Measure Resistance
Series Combinations
Parallel Combinations
R R = RT
510 Ω Ω = Ω
R R Req + =
3900 Ω Ω Ω + =

18. LAB: VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
Goal:
Measure Voltage
Measure Current V
9.40 v
SET METER ON DC VOLTAGE SCALE:
20 VOLTS

19. VOLTAGE & CURRENT– BUILD A CIRCUIT
LAB:
VOLTAGE & CURRENT– BUILD A CIRCUIT
Goal:
Measure Voltage
Measure Current
R R = RT
510 Ω Ω = 1510 Ω
RED = PLUS (+) R1
R1= 510 Ω
R2 = 1000 Ω R2

20. MEASURE VOLTAGE & CURRENT
LAB:
MEASURE VOLTAGE & CURRENT
Goal:
Measure Voltage
Measure Current
SET METER ON DC AMPERE SCALE:
20 mA V
6 mA mA V2 VT V3 I
R1= 510 Ω
R2 = 1000 Ω R1 R2
?? v V
SET METER ON DC VOLTAGE SCALE:
20 VOLTS

21. MEASURE VOLTAGE & CURRENT
LAB:
MEASURE VOLTAGE & CURRENT
Goal:
Measure Voltage
Measure Current VT
9.4
Volts V1
3.18 V2
6.22 I
6.2 mA mA V1 VT V2 I
R1= 510 Ω
R2 = 1000 Ω R1 R2

22. RESISTANCE: A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION
10,000 V
100,000 V at 10 Amperes
Voltage Loss= 1%
TOP EXAMPLE
ΔE= IR
ΔE= 10A x 100 Ω
ΔE = 1000 volts
BOTTOM EXAMPLE
ΔE= IR
ΔE= 100A x 100 Ω
ΔE = 10,000 volts
100 1 Ω per mile = 100 Ω
Power = 1 Million Watts (1 MW)
Wire= #3AWG Copper
10,000 V
10,000 V at 100 Amperes
Voltage Loss= 100%
X X

23. WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH A MULTIMETER?
Check battery voltage (DC VOLTS)
Check Power Supplies (AC or DC VOLTS)
Check fuses (RESISTANCE)
Check household receptacles (AC VOLTS)
120 Volts (AC)
0 Volts
120 Volts (AC)

24. Are there any questions?
Thank you!
Are there any questions?