1. DO Now- 2/27
Blonde hair is dominant to blonde hair. A heterozygous female is crossed with a heterozygous male… Punnett’s Square and phenotype/genotype ratios OR
What is DNA?
Where is DNA found?

2. TAKE YOUR MITOSIS PROJECTS HOME. I’m throwing them out tmw
TAKE YOUR MITOSIS PROJECTS HOME!!!! I’m throwing them out tmw. Zebrafish booklets and test: last day TODAY!

3. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

4. Genetic material of cells…
GENES – units of genetic material that CODES FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT
Called NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA is made up of repeating molecules called NUCLEOTIDES

5. ADENINE (A) – THYMINE (T) CYTOSINE (C) – GUANINE (G)
DNA STRUCTURE
DNA had specific pairing between the nitrogen bases:
ADENINE (A) – THYMINE (T)
CYTOSINE (C) – GUANINE (G)
“Complementary Rule”: DNA made of 2 long stands of nucleotides arranged in a specific way

6. Nucleotides – DRAW THIS!!!
Phosphate
Nitrogenous
Base
(A, T, C, G)
Sugar

7. Nitrogenous Bases PURINES 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G) PYRIMIDINES
3. Thymine (T)
4. Cytosine (C)
A or G
T or C

8. DNA Double Helix Nitrogenous Base (A,T,G or C) “Legs of ladder”
“Rungs of ladder”
“Legs of ladder”
Phosphate &
Sugar Backbone

9. P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A

10. Chargaff’s Rule Adenine must pair with Thymine
Guanine must pair with Cytosine
Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the same. T A G C

11. BASE-PAIRINGS C G
H-bonds T A

12. DNA Structure Review Questions
What does DNA stand for?
DNA is made of repeating units of __________________
A nucleotide is made of: …?
Draw a nucleotide.
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?
What are the two PURINES? Are they Big or little?

13. DO Now- 2/28 What makes up DNA? OR
Draw a picture of what DNA looks like?
What are the 4 bases?

14. TAKE YOUR MITOSIS PROJECTS HOME. I’m throwing them out tmw
TAKE YOUR MITOSIS PROJECTS HOME!!!! I’m throwing them out tmw. Students Run Quiz Thursday

15. A HISTORY OF DNA Discovery of the DNA double helix
A. Frederick Griffith – Discovers that a factor in diseased bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria (1928)
B. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA.
(1952)
C. Watson and Crick - described the DNA molecule from Franklin’s X-ray.
(1953)

16. History Continued Hershey & Chase–
1952, proved DNA determined proteins
Used bacteria and bacteria viruses to show DNA responsible for heredity
Chargaff—Chargaff’s rules.
Using ratio of nitrogenous bases in DNA, showed complimentary bases.

17. Genetic Diversity…
Different arrangements of NUCLEOTIDES in a nucleic acid (DNA) provides the key to DIVERSITY among living organisms.

18. The Code of Life… A T C G T A T G C G G…
The “code” of the chromosome is the SPECIFIC ORDER that bases occur.
A T C G T A T G C G G…

19. See p. 297
DNA is wrapped tightly around histones and coiled tightly to form chromosomes

20. #5  just the definitions of the 3 words
Questions:
Complete the questions on page 202 on a separate piece of paper (1 – 11). Please write the question and just your answer.
Skip question 2 and 10
#5  just the definitions of the 3 words

21. Do Now – 3 /19
What is the structure of DNA? OR
What are nucleotide bases?

22. STEP 1: Helicase unwinds, unzips STEP 2: DNA polymerase adds bases as it reads strand (leading and lagging strand) STEP 3: Ligase checks and binds all fragments together (finishing touch)

23. DNA Replication A-T, G-C DNA must be copied
The DNA molecule produces 2 IDENTICAL new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing:
A-T, G-C
Replicates using the enzyme DNA polymerase

24. DNA Replication . Semiconservative Model:
1. Watson and Crick showed: the two strands of the parental molecule separate, and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand. .
DNA Template
New DNA
Parental DNA

25. DNA Polymerase – Enzyme for DNA Replication
Reads original strand 3’  5’
New strand created 5’  3’
DNA Helicase – Enzyme that unwinds the DNA

26. DRAW THIS!!!!!!!!!

28. (1961) Watson & Crick proposed…
…DNA controlled cell function by serving as a template for PROTEIN structure.
3 Nucleotides = a triplet or CODON
(which code for a specific AMINO ACID)
AMINO ACIDS are the building blocks of proteins.

29. Replication – Checking for Understanding
1. Why is replication necessary?
2. Who proposed the replication concept?
3. What is the replication process called?
Use the complementary rule to
create the complementary strand:
A---?
G---?
C---?
T---?

30. Questions:
Answer the questions on page 200 (section 3 review) in your notebook
I will check and grade them before you leave.

31. DNA Replication Review Question
Draw a picture of DNA replication at the replication fork.
What are the 2 enzymes involved in replication?
What is DNA replication called (the name of the model proposed by Watson and Crick)?
What is the difference between the leading and lagging strands?
What is the complementary strand to the following:
ATTAGCTAGGACT

32. EXIT TICKET
1. Draw a picture of a DNA strand. 2. Write the complementary strand to the following: AAATTTCCCGGG

33. Do Now – 3/9
What are the 3 parts of DNA
What are the two enzymes in DNA replication?
What is the shape of DNA
CHOOSE ONE!!!!!!!

34. Define the words on page 221 on back of worksheet (Section 1 vocab)
CLASSWORK 3/9
Define the words on page 221 on back of worksheet (Section 1 vocab)
Any 6 questions from the worksheet
Chapter 9

35. Do Now – 3/21
What are the 3 parts of DNA
What are the 3 steps in DNA replication
CHOOSE ONE!!!!!!!

36. Turn to page 202 in the Biology textbook
Classwork:
Turn to page 202 in the Biology textbook
One a SEPARATE SHEET OF PAPER:
Answer questions 2, 4, 5, and 8-15
You MUST write the question

37. DNA Transcription
DNA can “unzip” itself and RNA nucleotides match up to the DNA strand.
Both DNA & RNA are formed from NUCLEOTIDES and are called NUCLEIC acids.

38. Transcription and Translation: An Overview (aka the Central Dogma)
DNA
RNA
Protein
Transcription
Translation

39. RNA vs. DNA DNA Double stranded Deoxyribose sugar Bases: C,G A,T RNA
Single stranded
Ribose sugar
Bases: C,G,A,U
Both contain a sugar, phosphate, and base.

40. Transcription C-G A-U DNA  RNA Happens in the NUCLEUS
RNA forms base pairs with DNA
C-G
A-U
mRNA- type of RNA that encodes information for the synthesis of proteins and carries it to a ribosome from the nucleus

41. TRANSCRIPTION
ACGATACCCTGACGAGCGTTAGCTATCG
UGC
UAU
GGG
ACU

42. Major players in transcription
RNA polymerase- complex of enzymes with 2 functions:
Unwind DNA sequence
Produce primary transcript by stringing together the chain of RNA nucleotides

43. mRNA Processing Primary transcript is not mature mRNA
DNA sequence has coding regions (exons) and non-coding regions (introns)
Introns must be spliced out before mRNA can leave nucleus

44. Translation Second stage of protein production
mRNA is on a ribosomes in the cytoplasm
tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome

45. Ribosomes
2 subunits, separate in cytoplasm until they join to begin translation
Large
Small
Contain 3 binding sites E P A

46. tRNA Transfer RNA Bound to one amino acid on one end
Anticodon on the other end complements mRNA codon

47. tRNA Function
Amino acids must be in the correct order for the protein to function correctly
tRNA lines up amino acids using mRNA code

48. Reading the DNA code Every 3 DNA bases pairs with 3 mRNA bases
Every group of 3 mRNA bases encodes a single amino acid
Codon- coding triplet of mRNA bases

49. The Genetic Code

50. ACGATA CCC TGA ATTGCGTTAGCTATCG UGC UAU GGG ACU UAA
What would the amino acids be for the sequence above?

51. Transcription vs. Translation Review
Process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto messenger RNA
Occurs in the nucleus
DNA mRNA
Translation
Process by which information encoded in mRNA is used to assemble a protein at a ribosome
Occurs on a Ribosome
mRNA protein

52. Which codons code for which amino acids?
Genetic code- inventory of linkages between nucleotide triplets and the amino acids they code for
A gene is a segment of RNA that brings about transcription of a segment of RNA

53. DNA Translation
The cell uses information from “messenger” RNA to produce proteins

54. Transcription/Translation Quiz
Why is transcription necessary?
Describe transcription.
Why is translation necessary?
Describe translation.
What are the main differences between DNA and RNA.
Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons:
UGGCAGUGC

55. 1. Why is transcription necessary?
Transcription makes messenger RNA (MRNA) to carry the code for proteins out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
2. Describe transcription.
RNA polymerase binds to DNA, separates the strands, then uses one strand as a template to assemble MRNA.
3. Why is translation necessary?
Translation assures that the right amino acids are joined together by peptides to form the correct protein.

56. 4. Describe translation.
The cell uses information from MRNA to produce proteins.
5. What are the main differences between DNA and RNA.
DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose; DNA has 2 strands, RNA has one strand; DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil.
Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGC
tryptophan-glutamine-cysteine

57. (a library of about 1,000 books)
AMAZING DNA FACTS…
DNA from a single human cell extends in a single thread for almost 2 meters long!!!
It contains information equal to some 600,000 printed pages of 500 words each!!!
(a library of about 1,000 books)

58. LET’S REVIEW DNA… LM p.44
List the conclusions Griffith & Avery, Hershey & Chase drew from their experiments.
Summarize the relationship between genes & DNA.
Describe the overall structure of the DNA molecule.
What are the 4 kinds of bases?