2. Double Helix
Helix unwound
Molecular Structure
purine
pyrimadine

3. DNA REPLICATION is Semi-conservative
Wrong
Correct
One original and One new complementary strand
Two original and two new complementary strand

4. DNA REPLICATION

5. DNA REPLICATION It is done with enzymes!
1. Helicase (enzyme) unwinds the DNA
There are now 2 open strands that can be copied
2. RNA Primase (polymerase) bring a short, segment of complementary nucleotides to the new strand
3. Then DNA Polymerase (enzyme) brings DNA nucleotides together to complete a new DNA strand.
4. RNA short segment is removed and replaced with DNa
5. DNA Ligase (Enzyme) glues the strands of DNA to make one continuous strand.

6. Game DNA Replication
Click here for Super challenge game

7. DNA IS MADE UP OF IS MADE UP OF IS MADE UP OF 2 RINGS ONE RING
THERE ARE 2
THERE ARE 2

8. 1871 Fredrick Miescher
He isolated a chemical from the nuclueus of white blood cells.
What did he call it?
Nuclein

9. WALTER SUTTON 1902 “The hereditary material is carried on chromosomes”

10. CHROMOSOMES ARE EQUAL PARTS OF
DNA & PROTEIN

11. 1890’s SCIENTISTS LEARN THE SOMETHING ELSE IS …

12. DNA

13. FREDERICK GRIFFITH 1928

14. FREDERICK GRIFFITH DISCOVERED TRANSFORMATION IT WAS …?
DNA BUT HE CALLED IT?
TRANSFORMING FACTOR

15. GRIFFITH HE WORKS WITH STREP. PNEUMONIA, A BACTERIA
2 FORMS SMOOTH AND ROUGH
SMOOTH HAS A PROTEIN CAPSULE THAT CAUSES PNEUMONIA
ROUGH HAS NO CAPSULE AND IS NOT DEADLY

16. GRIFFITH 1.HE INJECTS Smooth FORM INTO A MOUSE THE MOUSE… DIES
2.HE THEN INJECTS THE Rough FORM INTO A MOUSE
THE MOUSE
LIVES

17. GRIFFITH 3.NEXT HE HEAT KILLS THE Smooth FORM
HE THEN INJECTS INTO A MOUSE
THE MOUSE
LIVES!
4.HE TAKES “KILLED” Smooth & LIVE Rough & INJECTS THIS INTO A MOUSE
CROAKS!
5.HE TAKES A BLOOD SAMPLE FROM THE DEAD MOUSE AND FINDS
LIVE Smooth encapsulated FORM!

18. GRIFFITH
HE SAYS-”SOMETHING TRANSFORMED THE Live rough FORM INTO A LIVE Smooth FORM”
THIS IS SOME KIND OF “TRANSFORMING FACTOR”

19. AVERY, McCARTY, MacLEOD 1944
WANTED TO KNOW WHAT IS THE TRANSFORMING MATERIAL?
THEY PURIFIED CHEMICALS FROM HEAT KILLED “Smooth” bacteria, TO SEE WHICH ONES WOULD TRANSFORM LIVE “Rough” bacteria INTO “Smooth”, deadly bacteria
THEY DISCOVERED IT WAS DNA

20. AVERY, ET AL EXPERIMENT
THEY TREATED SAMPLES OF HEAT KILLED “S” WITH DIFFERENT ENZYMES TO BREAK DOWN MOLECULES into rna, dna, proteins, lipids & carbs.
TO SEE WHICH ONE CAUSED TRANSFORMATION
“R” ONLY BECAME TRANSFORMED INTO “S”, WHEN IN THE PRESENCE OF…
Smooth DNA- DID TRANSFORMATION, THEY FOUND THEIR ANSWER!

21. Avery et al. experiment

22. HERSHEY & CHASE 1952 WORKED W/BACTERIOPHAGE
VIRUS THAT INFECTS ONLY BACTERIA
ONLY MADE FROM DNA & PROTEIN
THEY CONCLUDED THE INFECTED BACTERIA WERE TRANSFORMED BY DNA, NOT PROTEIN
BUT HOW…

24. HERSHEY & CHASE

25. Rosalind Franklin

26. Rosalind’s X-Ray of DNA

27. Maurice Wilkins

28. James Watson & Francis Crick

29. 1953 WATSON & CRICK
MAKE THE DISCOVERY THAT DNA IS A DOUBLE HELIX SHAPE
THEY WIN?

30. NOBEL PRIZE

31. 1962 WINNERS ARE ANNOUNCED
THEY ARE WATSON, CRICK &?

32. MAURICE WILKINS!

33. ROSALIND FRANKLIN COULD NOT WIN
SHE WAS DEAD!

34. RNA STRUCTURE The sugar is Ribose Still has 4 nitrogen bases
No Thymine, Uracil instead
Still has a phosphate group
Single strand

35. AMINO ACID CODES (codons)

36. LET’S LOOK AT THE TRIPLET CODE DIAGRAM IN YOUR PACKET
TRIPLET CODE animation
LET’S LOOK AT THE TRIPLET CODE DIAGRAM IN YOUR PACKET

37. 1st STEP IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSCRIPTION
DNA UNWINDS USING RNA Polymerase
__________ BRINGS NITROGEN BASES THAT ARE COMPLEMENTARY TO DNA
IT BRINGS SETS OF 3 Nitrogen Bases WHICH ARE CALLED _______animation
WHEN THE LENGTH OF MRNA IS COMPLETE THE MRNA UNATTACHES FROM THE DNA

38. tRNA STRUCTURE Carries Amino Acid at the Head
Anticodon is at the base to match to the mRNA codon

39. Ribosome with tRNA & mRNA

40. THE 2nd STEP IN MAKING A PROTEIN TRANSLATION
1. The completed mRNA will go to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
2. The codons of mRNA will be read by tRNA
3. tRNA will bring 1. a complementary amino acid (LEU/MET etc.)
and 2. an anticodon that complements to the mRNA codon to start building a polypeptide (protein)
ANTICODON A C C A A A C C G A G U

41. Step 2 TRANSLATION There are 3 STOP CODONS, they are UAA, UGA, UAG
4. When the tRNA reads them it will stop bringing amino acids
5. When the Protein is complete it can fold up or join with another protein.
6. it will go outside the cell to where it is needed in the body
Animation Protein Synthesis
Build a protein Game

42. Let’s label the steps!