1. Nonrenewable Energy Resources9
Nonrenewable Energy Resources

2. Changes in Energy Sources

3. Fossil Fuels
During the Carboniferous period, ( million years ago) conditions were conducive to the formation of large deposits of coal from abundant plant growth.
Oil and natural gas formed primarily from one-celled marine organisms.

4. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Deposits

5. Fossil fuels supply 80% of world’s commercial energy.

6. Net Energy Is the Only Energy That Really Counts
It takes energy to get energy
Second law of thermodynamics
Some high-quality energy is wasted at every step
Net energy yield
Total amount of high-quality energy available from an energy resource minus the energy needed to find, extract, process, and get that energy to consumers
Energy return on investment (EROI)

8. 9-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil?
We depend heavily on oil
Crude oil (petroleum): conventional or light crude oil
Oil extraction
Peak production
Refining: separating oil into separate components
Petrochemicals: distillation products

9. Lowest Boiling Point Gases Gasoline Aviation fuel Heating oil
Diesel oil
Naphtha
Figure 9-4 Crude oil is refined in a giant distillation column that can be as tall as a nine-story building. Its components are removed at various levels, depending on their boiling points. The most volatile components with the lowest boiling points are removed at the top of the column.
Grease and wax
Heated crude oil
Asphalt
Furnace
Highest Boiling Point
Fig. 9-4

10. Are We Running Out of Conventional Oil?
Proven oil reserves
Identified deposits that can be extracted profitably with current technology
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries
Have 72 percent of the world’s crude oil reserves
Venezuela (18 percent)
Saudi Arabia (16 percent)

11. Oil companies say:
>550 years
Scientists : years

12. Are We Running Out of Conventional Oil?
U.S. produces nine percent of the world’s oil
Uses 21 percent of the world’s oil
U.S. has two percent of the world’s proven oil reserves
2012: Imported 39 percent of its oil

13. Barrels of oil per year (billions)
Projected U. S.
oil consumption
Barrels of oil per year (billions)
Figure 9-5 The amount of conventional light crude oil that might be found in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, if developed and extracted over 50 years, is a tiny fraction of the projected U.S. demand for oil. (Compiled by the authors using data from U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Geological Survey.)
Arctic refuge oil output over 50 years
Year
Fig. 9-5

14. Trade-Offs Conventional Oil Advantages Disadvantages
Ample supply for several decades
Water pollution from oil spills and leaks
Environmental costs not included in market price
Net energy yield is medium but decreasing
Releases CO2 and other air pollutants when burned
Low land disruption
Figure 9-6 Using crude oil as an energy resource has advantages and disadvantages. Questions: Which single advantage and which single
disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
Efficient distribution system
Vulnerable to international supply interruptions
Fig. 9-6

15. Science Focus: Removing Oil and Natural Gas by Drilling Sideways and Fracking
Newer extraction technologies
Horizontal drilling
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking)
Potentially serious environmental problems associated with these extraction methods

16. Hydraulic
Fracturing Or
“Fracking”

18. The chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing shows that of the 750 compounds in hydraulic fracturing products ,more than 650 of these products contained chemicals that are known human carcinogens.
For example:
benzene (causes cancer, bone marrow failure)
lead (damages the nervous system and causes brain disorders)
ethylene glycol (antifreeze, causes death)
methanol (highly toxic)
boric acid (kidney damage, death)
2-butoxyethanol (causes hemolysis)
Gamma-emitting isotopes (radioactive; can cause cancer)

19. Air emissions and pollution
Groundwater contamination
Radioactive contamination
Earthquakes
Greenhouse gas emissions

20. Heavy Oils from Tar Sand and Oil Shale
Tar sand (oil sand) contains bitumen
Heavy oil potentially available in Canada’s tar sand
Seven times Saudi Arabia’s total conventional oil reserves
Heavy oil production from tar sands
Inefficient, dirty and environmentally harmful

22. Heavy Oils from Oil Shale and Tar Sand
Trade-Offs
Heavy Oils from Oil Shale and Tar Sand
Advantages
Disadvantages
Large potential supplies
Low net energy yield
Easily transported within and between countries
Releases CO2 and other air pollutants when produced and burned
Figure 9-7 Using heavy oil from tar sand and oil shale as energy resources has advantages and disadvantages (Concept 9-2). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
Efficient distribution system in place
Severe land disruption and high water use
Fig. 9-7

23. 9-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Natural Gas?
Natural gas is a useful and clean-burning fossil fuel
Natural gas: mixture of gases
50 to 90 percent is methane (CH4)
Conventional natural gas
Pipelines for distribution
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
Low net energy yield
Liquefaction at -126o F (1/600 volume of gas)

24. Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-Burning Fossil Fuel
2011: world’s three largest natural gas producers
United States (20 percent)
Russia (19 percent)
Canada (5 percent)
Unconventional natural gas
Coal bed methane gas
Methane hydrate

25. Conventional Natural Gas
Trade-Offs
Conventional Natural Gas
Advantages
Disadvantages
Ample supplies
Low net energy yield for LNG
Versatile fuel
Production and delivery may emit more CO2 and CH4 per unit of energy produced than coal
Medium net energy yield
Figure 9-8 Using conventional natural gas as an energy resource has advantages and disadvantages. Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think that the advantages of using conventional natural gas outweigh its disadvantages?
Fracking uses and pollutes large volumes of water
Emits less CO2 and other air pollutants than other fossil fuels when burned
Potential groundwater pollution from fracking
Fig. 9-8

26. 9-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal?
Coal is a plentiful but dirty fuel
Coal: solid fossil fuel
Burned in power plants; generates 45 percent of the world’s electricity
Three largest coal-burning
countries
China
United States
India

27. Increasing moisture content Increasing heat and carbon content
Peat
(not a coal)
Lignite
(brown coal)
Bituminous
(soft coal)
Anthracite
(hard coal)
Heat
Pressure
Partially decayed plant matter in swamps and bogs; low heat content
Low heat content; low sulfur content; limited supplies in most areas
Extensively used as a fuel because of its high heat content and large supplies; normally has a high sulfur content
Highly desirable fuel because of its high heat content and low sulfur content; supplies are limited in most areas
Figure 9-9 Over millions of years, several different types of coal have formed. Peat is a soil material made of moist, partially decomposed organic matter and is not classified as a coal, although it is used as a fuel. These different types of coal vary in the amounts of heat, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide released per unit of mass when they are burned.
Stepped Art
Fig. 9-9

28. Cooling tower transfers waste heat to atmosphere Coal bunker Turbine
Generator
Cooling loop
Stack
Pulverizing mill
Condenser
Filter
Figure 9-10 This power plant burns pulverized coal to boil water and produce steam that spins a turbine to produce electricity. The steam is cooled, condensed, and returned to the boiler for reuse. Waste heat can be transferred to the atmosphere or to a nearby source of water. The largest coal-burning power plant in the United States, located in Indiana, burns three 100-car trainloads of coal per day. Question: Does the electricity that you use come from a coal-burning power plant?
Boiler
Ash disposal
Fig. 9-10

29. Coal Is a Plentiful but Dirty Fuel
World’s most abundant fossil fuel
U.S. has 28 percent of proven reserves
Dirtiest of all fossil fuels to burn
Severe air pollution
Large amount of soot
Large amounts of CO2
Ash that contains highly toxic and indestructible chemicals

30. Trade-Offs Coal Advantages Disadvantages
Severe land disturbance and water pollution
Ample supplies in many countries
Fine particle and toxic mercury emissions threaten human health
Medium to high net energy yield
Figure 9-12 Using coal as an energy resource has advantages and disadvantages. Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why? Do you think that the advantages of using coal as an energy resource outweigh its disadvantages?
Low cost when environmental costs are not included
Emits large amounts of CO2 and other air pollutants when produced and burned
Fig. 9-12

31. 9-5 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy?
How does a nuclear fission reactor work?
Controlled nuclear fission reaction in a reactor
Multiple fissions within a critical mass of nuclear fuel form a chain reaction
Enormous amount of energy released that can be used to produce electricity

32. Nuclear Chain Reaction
After about three years of operation, fuel rods don’t have enough radioactive material remaining to sustain a chain reaction, thus spent fuel rods are replaced by new ones.
Spent rods are still very radioactive.

33. Pump Pump Pump Pump Water source (river, lake, ocean)
Small amounts of radioactive gases
Uranium fuel input (reactor core)
Control rods
Containment shell
Waste heat
Heat exchanger
Steam
Turbine
Generator
Hot coolant
Useful electrical energy
about 25%
Hot water output
Pump
Pump
Coolant
Pump
Figure 9-15 This water-cooled nuclear power plant, with a pressurized water reactor, pumps water under high pressure into its core where nuclear fission takes place. Some nuclear plants withdraw the water they use from a nearby source, such as a river, and return the heated water to that source, as shown here. Other nuclear plants transfer the waste heat from the intensely hot water to the atmosphere by using one or more gigantic cooling towers. Question: How does this plant differ from the coal-burning plant in Figure 9-10?
Pump
Waste heat
Cool water input
Moderator
Shielding
Pressure vessel
Coolant passage
Water
Condenser
Periodic removal and storage of radioactive wastes and spent
fuel assemblies
Periodic removal and storage
of radioactive
liquid wastes
Water source
(river, lake, ocean)
Fig. 9-15

34. Why is this Non Renewable?
Decommissioning
of reactor
Fuel assemblies
Reactor
Enrichment
of UF6
Fuel fabrication
(conversion of enriched UF6 to UO2 and fabrication of fuel assemblies)
Temporary storage
of spent fuel assemblies underwater or in dry casks
Conversion
of U3O8
to UF6
Uranium-235 as UF6 Plutonium-239 as PuO2
Spent fuel reprocessing
Low-level radiation with long half-life
Figure 9-16 Using nuclear power to produce electricity involves a complex set of technologies and processes that make up the nuclear fuel cycle. Question: Do you think the market price of nuclear-generated electricity should include all the costs of the nuclear fuel cycle? Explain.
Geologic disposal of moderate
and high-level radioactive wastes
Mining uranium
ore (U3O8)
Why is this Non Renewable?
Open fuel cycle today
Recycling of nuclear fuel
Fig. 9-16

35. Dealing with Radioactive Wastes Produced by Nuclear Power Is a Difficult Problem
High-level radioactive wastes
Must be stored safely for 10,000 to 240,000 years
Where to store it
Deep burial: safest and cheapest option
There is still no such facility

36. Case Study: High-Level Radioactive Wastes in the United States
1987: DOE announced plans to build a repository for high-level radioactive wastes
Yucca Mountain desert region (Nevada)
Problems
Cost: $96 billion
Unsuitable location: rock fractures
Project was abandoned in 2010

37. What Should We Do with Worn-Out Nuclear Power Plants?
Decommission (retire) the power plant
Some options
Dismantle the plant and safely store the radioactive materials
Enclose the plant behind a physical barrier with full-time security until a storage facility has been built
Enclose the plant in a tomb
Monitor this for thousands of years

38. Will Nuclear Fusion Be a Viable Energy Resource?
Nuclei fused to form a heavier nucleus
Releases energy
No risk of meltdown or large radioactivity release
Still in the laboratory phase
After 50 years of research and $25 billion dollars

39. Will Nuclear Fusion Be a Viable Energy Resource?
2006: U.S., China, Russia, Japan, South Korea, and European Union
Will build a large-scale experimental nuclear fusion reactor by 2026

40. Experts Disagree about the Future of Nuclear Power
Slowest-growing form of commercial energy
Why?
Economics
Poor management
Low net yield of energy of the nuclear fuel cycle
Safety concerns
Need for greater government subsidies

41. Figure 9-18 Some critics of nuclear power say that any new generation of nuclear power plants should meet all of these five criteria. Question: Do you agree or disagree with these critics? Explain.
Fig. 9-18

42. Trade-Offs Conventional Nuclear Fuel Cycle Advantages Disadvantages
Low environmental impact (without accidents)
Low net energy yield
High overall cost
Emits 1/6 as
much CO2 as coal
Produces long-lived, harmful radioactive wastes
Figure 9-19 Using the nuclear power fuel cycle (Figure 9-16) to produce electricity has advantages and disadvantages (Concept 9-5). Questions: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important? Why?
Low risk of accidents in modern plants
Promotes spread of
nuclear weapons
Fig. 9-19

43. Case Study: The 2011 Nuclear Power Plant Accident in Japan
Accident triggered by a major offshore earthquake that caused a severe tsunami
Key factors that contributed to the accident and its aftermath
Protective walls not high enough
Design flaws that exposed emergency cooling system controls and backup generators
Slow response to the crisis
Insufficient regulation

44. The Three Mile Island nuclear plant in Pennsylvania experienced a partial core meltdown on March 28, 1979.
Chernobyl is a small city in Ukraine, north of Kiev.
It is the site of the world’s largest nuclear accident, which occurred April 26, 1986.
There were 37 deaths; 500 people hospitalized (237 with acute radiation sickness); 116,000 people evacuated.

45. Use of Nonrenewable Energy Violates the Principles of Sustainability
Using nonrenewable fossil fuels and nuclear power
Results in serious long-term environmental and health problems
Current technologies
Disrupt the earth’s chemical cycles by emitting large quantities of pollutants and greenhouse gases

46. What 1 invention completely made humans dependent on Oil?

47. The invention of the automobile dramatically increased the demand for oil products.
Better roads permitted higher speeds.
Higher speeds permitted bigger, faster cars.
Bigger, faster cars required better roads.
People could live farther from work, leading to sprawling cities and suburbs.
We expect to see Florida oranges, California lettuces, and Central American bananas in any supermarket in North America.

48. Nuclear fuel cycle Hydrogen
Electricity
Energy efficiency
Hydropower
Wind
Coal
Natural gas
Geothermal energy
Solar cells
Nuclear fuel cycle Hydrogen
Space Heating
Passive solar
Oil
Active solar
Heavy shale oil
Heavy oil from tar sands Electricity
Hydrogen
Net Energy Yield
High High High High Medium
Medium Low to medium
Low
Negative (Energy loss)
High Medium
Medium
Low Low Negative (Energy loss)
Figure 9-3 Generalized net energy yields for various energy resources and systems (Concept 9-1). Question: Based on these data, which two resources in each category should we be using? (Compiled by the authors using data from the U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Colorado Energy Research Institute, Net Energy Analysis, 1976; Howard T. Odum and Elisabeth C. Odum, Energy Basis for Man and Nature, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981; and Charles A.S. Hall and Kent A. Klitgaard, Energy and the Wealth of Nations, New York: Springer, 2012) Yegor Korzh/Shutterstock.com (top left), Donald Aitken/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (bottom left), Serdar Tibet/ Shutterstock.com (top right), Michel Stevelmans/Shutterstock.com (bottom right)
Fig. 9-3

49. High-Temperature Industrial Heat Energy efficiency (cogeneration) Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Heavy shale oil
Heavy oil from tar sands
Direct solar (concentrated) Hydrogen
Net Energy Yield
High High Medium Medium Low Low Low Negative (Energy loss)
Transportation
Net Energy Yield
High High Medium Medium Medium Low Low Low Low Negative (Energy loss)
Energy efficiency
Gasoline
Natural gas
Ethanol (from sugarcane)
Diesel
Gasoline from heavy shale oil
Gasoline from heavy tar sand oil
Ethanol (from corn)
Biodiesel (from soy)
Hydrogen
Figure 9-3 (cont’d.) Generalized net energy yields for various energy resources and systems (Concept 9-1). Question: Based on these data, which two resources in each category should we be using? (Compiled by the authors using data from the U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Colorado Energy Research Institute, Net Energy Analysis, 1976; Howard T. Odum and Elisabeth C. Odum, Energy Basis for Man and Nature, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981; and Charles A.S. Hall and Kent A. Klitgaard, Energy and the Wealth of Nations, New York: Springer, 2012) Yegor Korzh/Shutterstock.com (top left), Donald Aitken/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (bottom left), Serdar Tibet/ Shutterstock.com (top right), Michel Stevelmans/Shutterstock.com (bottom right)
Fig. 9-3