1. Chemical Reaction in living organisms

2. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Metabolism is a group of biochemical processes take place inside the cell.

3. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism

4. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism

5. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
some molecules get broken down to extract chemical energy stored in it and called catabolism. Ex: Glucose

6. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism

7. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Complex and macromolecules are being built from simple molecules with consumption of energy called anabolism. Ex: synthesis of proteins from the amino acids

8. Chemical Reaction in living organisms

9. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Activation energy: The minimum energy needed in order for a chemical reaction to occur.
All the reactions occurring in living organisms require high activation energy to take place.

10. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
To reduce the cell consumption to more energy, there should be a catalyst to be sure that the chemical reaction occurs rapidly throughout reducing the activation energy.
This catalyst is the enzymes.

11. Chemical Reaction in living organisms

12. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Enzymes are biological catalysts made up of large protein molecules.
They speed up the chemical reactions inside the cell.
The enzyme is made up of a combination of a great number of amino acids forming a chain or more of polypeptide between each others.

13. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Enzymes are biological catalysts made up of large protein molecules.
The enzyme is made up of a combination of a great number of amino acids forming a chain or more of polypeptide between each others.
The three dimensions shape of an enzyme

14. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Properties of the enzyme:
Enzymes are catalysts
speed up the chemical reactions inside the cells
- participate in the reaction without getting affected. (consumed )

15. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Properties of the enzyme:
2. Enzymes are highly specific
-Each enzyme is specialized for one reactant substance. ( substrate )
- Each enzyme is specialized for one type of reactions or few reactions.

16. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Properties of the enzyme:
3. Enzymes are affected by the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and the temperature.

17. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Properties of the enzyme:
4. Enzymes lower the activation energy required to get the reaction started.

18. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Factors affecting the enzymes action
There are several factors that affect the speed of enzymes action such as:
concentration of the enzyme,
concentration of substrate,
the presence of inhibitors
temperature
hydrogen ion concentration (pH),

19. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Factors affecting the enzymes action
There are several factors that affect the speed of enzymes action such as:
concentration of the enzyme,
concentration of substrate,
the presence of inhibitors
temperature
hydrogen ion concentration (pH),

20. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Factors affecting the enzymes action
Temperature:
each enzyme has a certain temperature at which the enzyme is more active.
This point is called the optimal temperature which ranges between 37 to 40C°.

21. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Factors affecting the enzymes action
Temperature:
optimal temperature (37 to 40C°) : is temperature at
which the enzyme is more active.

22. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Factors affecting the enzymes action
Temperature:
Raising temperature:
activity gradually lowers , until it reaches a certain temperature at which the enzyme activity stops completely (permanently ) due to the change of its natural composition.

23. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Factors affecting the enzymes action
Temperature:
lowering temperature:
activity gradually lowers , until it reaches a certain temperature at which the enzyme activity stops completely at 0C°, but at raising the temperature, the enzyme gets reactivated once more

24. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Factors affecting the enzymes action
2. pH
the enzymes are protein substances. They contain acidic carboxylic groups COOH-, and basic amino groups NH2.
So, the enzymes are affected by the changing of pH value.

25. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Factors affecting the enzymes action
2. pH
Each enzyme has a pH value working at it with a maximum efficiency called the optimal
pH.

26. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Factors affecting the enzymes action
2. pH
If the pH is lower or higher than its optimal pH, the enzyme activity decreased
until it stops working.

27. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
Factors affecting the enzymes action
2. pH
pepsin works at low pH:is highly acidic
trypsin works at high pH.: it is basic.
Most enzymes work at neutral pH 7.4.

28. Chemical Reaction in living organisms
*Metabolism is divided into : anabolism – catabolism
Enzymes and its properties.
The effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
The effect of PH on enzyme activity.