1. The Prison Environment
Prison in Deer Lodge Montana (photo by Ann Kramlich)
Alcatraz Cell

2. "Every time you build a prison, you close a school.” Victor Hugo
Some Quotes
"Every time you build a prison, you close a school.”
Victor Hugo
"No matter what the question has been in American criminal justice over the last generation, prison has been the answer.”
Franklin E. Zimring
We are tracking one group of kids from kindergarten to prison, and we are tracking one group of kids from kindergarten to college." - Lani Guinier
California has built 21 prisons since In the same period, the University of California system has opened one new campus. Although California's prison population has declined in recent years, the state's spending per prisoner has increased 5 times faster than its spending per K-12 student in the last two decades. The Huffington Post  |  By Saki Knafo Posted: 08/30/2013 1:50 pm EDT

3. The Sentencing Project

8. Source: The Sentencing Project
Link:

10. Recidivism Rates
From BJS at:

11. Emerging Issue ---The Rise of For-Profit Private Prisons

14. We believe the long-term growth opportunities of our
business remain very attractive as insufficient bed
development by our customers should result in a
return to the supply and demand imbalance that has
been benefiting the private prison industry.
~ Corrections Corporation of America 2010 ANNUAL REPORT
In 2012, CCA sent a letter to 48 states offering to buy their prisons as a solution for "challenging corrections budgets” faced by states. In order to do so, CCA asked for a 20-year (or longer) contract plus:
• A minimum rated occupancy of 1,000 beds;
• A structure age of no more than 25 years;
• A designation that the structure is suitable for immediate occupation or is already occupied by
an inmate population; and
• An assurance by the agency partner that the agency has sufficient inmate
population to maintain a minimum 90 percent occupancy rate over the term of the
contract.

16. Changing Times?
For full story click here
For full story click here

17. Prisoner Labor
The Federal Prison Industries (commonly referred to as FPI or UNICOR) was established in 1934 by Franklin D. Roosevelt to employ federal inmates for production of goods needed in the government.
It is the mission of Federal Prison Industries, Inc. to employ and provide skills training to the greatest practicable number of inmates confined within the Federal Bureau of Prisons; contribute to the safety and security of our Nation's correctional facilities by keeping inmates constructively occupied; produce market-price quality goods for sale to the Federal Government; operate in a self-sustaining manner; and minimize FPI's impact on private business and labor.
Adapted from the Unicor web site[

18. The Federal Prison Industries Products

19. Federal Bureau of Prisons
Source: BOP website here

20. * Stanford Prison Experiment
[Web-based slide show of prison simulation study - Click here]
Recent movie The Stanford prison experiment; Click here for trailer
>>> Overall purpose of the study: To investigate the psychological effects of prison -- for both prisoners and guards
Participants
Originally 70 volunteers (via newspaper ads)
Screening: Diagnostic interviews and psychological test administered, existence of medical problems, criminal background, substance abuse
Total of 24 participants
Paid $15/day for participating
Random assignment
12 Prisoners
12 Guards

21. Stanford Prison Experiment (cont.)
Procedure of the Study
“Prisoner recruitment -- Picked up at home by a police car
Booked, fingerprinted, sprayed, blindfolded and put into holding cell
Uniforms [dress, or smock worn with no underclothes. Prisoner ID number was on front and back of the uniform]. Made to wear a heavy chain on their right ankle’s at all times and a stocking cap over their heads

22. Stanford Prison Experiment (cont.)
Construction of the Prison Environment (to ensure realism)
Use of consultant team including a former prisoner
Input from prisoners and correctional personnel involved
in course entitled “The Psychology of Imprisonment”
Cells were small; enough room for only three cots with room for little else

23. Prisoner Treatment -- Some Examples
Use of "counts" to familiarizing the prisoners with their numbers and exercise control over the prisoners (counts took place several times each shift and often at night)
Punishments (e.g., push-ups) -- sometimes stepping on prisoner’s backs or having others sit on top of the backs of prisoners while doing push-ups
After an early prisoner rebellion ---
Guards used a fire extinguisher to shot a stream of skin-chilling carbon dioxide on the prisoners.
Guards broke into cells, stripped the prisoners naked, took beds out, forced the ringleaders of the rebellion into solitary confinement
Going to the toilet became a privilege which a guard could grant or deny at his discretion
After the nightly "lock-up," prisoners were often forced to urinate or defecate in a bucket in their cells. Sometimes the guards did not allow prisoners to empty the buckets
Forcing prisoners to perform degrading, repetitive work such as cleaning out toilet bowls with their bare hands

24. * Behavior of the “Prisoners”
Negative Affect (e.g., anxiety, depression, rage)
Learned Helplessness
Conversation between prisoners
Use of numbers to refer to themselves (in conversation with a Catholic priest)
Loss of group unity
“Parole Board” -- Most prisoners willing to forfeit the money they had earned up to
that time in order to be paroled
Several behavioral reactions of prisoners (e.g., emotional breakdowns, psychosomatic rash)

25. * The “Guards”
Wore khaki uniforms, carried a whistle around their neck and a billy
club and wore dark sun-glasses
Worked eight-hour shifts
Use of arbitrary control by the guards (e.g., Privilege cell)
Most aggressive “guard” viewed as role models
Overall, three types of guards emerged (1) tough, fair ones who followed prison rules, (2) "good guys" who did favors for the prisoners and never punished them, and (3) guards (about 1/3) who were hostile, arbitrary, and inventive in humiliating prisoners; they appeared to enjoy the power they possessed
No guard ever came late for his shift, called in sick, left early, or demanded extra pay for overtime work

26. * Premature Ending
Christina Maslach, a recent Stanford Ph.D., was brought in to conduct interviews with the guards and prisoners
After viewing prisoners being marched on a toilet run (bags over their heads, legs chained together, hands on each other's shoulders) she strongly objected in an outrage by saying, "It's terrible what you are doing to these boys!”
The study was stopped after only 6 days --- the plan was for a 2-week timeframe

27. [Ted Talk: Philip Zimbardo, The Psychology of Evil – Click here]
Abu Ghraib
[Ted Talk: Philip Zimbardo, The Psychology of Evil – Click here]
11:25 p.m., Nov. 12, The detainee is covered in what appears to be mud and human feces.*
11:50 p.m., Nov. 7, SPC HARMAN has camera or video camera in hand as she stands behind the detainees nude. SOLDIER(S): SPC HARMAN
8:59 p.m., Oct. 18, Detainees is handcuffed in the nude to a bed and has a pair of panties covering his face. The photograph is taken from inside the cell and at a downward angle
*All caption information is taken directly from CID materials
9 Army soldiers (all enlisted) have been court-martialed and convicted of crimes at Abu Ghraib. Accountability stopped at the rank of staff sergeant -- no commanding officers have been prosecuted
Commanders are legally responsible for orders given and "if he has actual knowledge, or should have knowledge ... that troops or other persons subject to his control are about to commit or have committed a war crime and he fails to take the necessary and reasonable steps to insure compliance with the law of war or to punish violators thereof.” [Paragraph 501 of Army Field Manual 27-10]