1. LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What effect did enlightenment philosophers have on government and society?

2. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION SPARKED ENLIGHTENMENT OR THE AGE OF REASON

3. THOMAS HOBBES AND JON LOCKE
Views on Human Nature and Government. Hobbes- writes Leviathon people need government to control them. Social Contract- give up freedom for orderly society. Best idea: Absolute Monarchy

4. John Locke
Locke- Two Treatises of Government. People have natural rights: life, liberty and property. Government’s job to protect those rights. Gov. has an obligation to people. If it fails its obligation to protect then can be overthrown.

5. The Philosophes Advocate Reason
Beliefs of the Philosophes
The philosophes-French social critics mid-1700s.
Value: reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty.

6. Voltaire Combats Intolerance
Voltaire—influential philosophe, pen name of François Marie Arouet Tolerance, reason ideas Makes powerful enemies imprisoned twice for his views

7. “Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities.”

8. Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers
Montesquieu—French Britain’s government system. Favors separation of powers to keep one body from running government.

10. Rousseau: Champion of Freedom-
Rousseau—favors individual freedom, direct democracy. Views social contract-agreement by free people to form government.
“Our greatest evil flows from ourselves.”

11. Rene Descartes Philosopher and Mathematician
Father of Modern Philosophy and developer of Analytical Geometry -Mind controls body but body can control mind- Dualism. Wrote Meditations- discard all belief in things not absolutely certain, then tries to establish what can be known for sure.

12. Cogito ergo sum “I think therefore I am.”-Concerning existence
“Dreaming provides preliminary evidence that the senses we trust to distinguish reality from illusion should not be fully trusted, and therefore any state that is dependent on our senses should at the very least be carefully examined and rigorously tested to determine whether it is in fact reality.”
- dream argument

13. FOUR VIEWS OF MAN READING WITH TEACHER

14. Role of the Philosophes
The philosophes not activists, inspire major revolutions.
Belief in Progress
Scientific breakthroughs show human capacity to improve society.

15. Knowledge of world leads people to question religious ideas.
A More Secular Outlook
Knowledge of world leads people to question religious ideas.
Voltaire and others criticize beliefs and practices of Christianity.

16. Importance of the Individual
People place more emphasis on individual rights, abilities

17. Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria works to reform justice system
Calls for speedy trials, greater rights for criminal defendants

18. Views on Women’s Education Change
Many Enlightenment thinkers take traditional views of women’s role Prominent writer Mary Wollstonecraft urges greater rights for women: -argues women need quality education to be virtuous and useful -urges women to go into traditionally male professions like politics Some wealthy women use their status to spread Enlightenment ideas

19. ADAM SMITH
1776 writes …Wealth of Nations about how nations gain wealth. First to really look at the economics of countries. Pushed Laissez Faire idea.

20. Laissez faire- “leave us be
Laissez faire- “leave us be.” The idea that business should be only protected from theft and aggression. Business function no Gov. interference. Idea: complete free market-no regulation economy.

21. ENLIGHTENMENT SPREADS
Ideas spread through the salons of Paris. Novels develop during this time. Develop a Neoclassical style of art. Some monarchs embrace these new ideas:

22. Enlightened Despots- retained control changed things to benefit people as long as it didn’t hurt power. Ideas spawn revolutions and changes that last to today.

23. Frederick the Great
FREDRICK
Frederick II, king of Prussia, reforms education and justice system Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom

24. Joseph II of Austria
allows freedoms of worship and press abolishes serfdom, practice reinstated after his death.

25. Catherine the Great
Catherine the Great —enlightened ruler of Russia, 1762–1796 Abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails Responds to peasant revolt giving nobles more power over serfs

26. Changes in Music and Literature
SECTION 3
New Artistic Styles
Changes in Music and Literature
• Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than
earlier style
- led by composers such as Haydn, Mozart,
Beethoven
• Novel emerges; works of fiction with detailed plots
and characters
• Samuel Richardson’s Pamela considered first true
English novel
NEXT

27. Beethoven's 5th Symphony – YouTube
Ten most beautiful songs of all time

28. Neoclassical Style of Art Emerges
Pre-Enlightenment art style is baroque—grand, ornate design
Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on
Greek/Roman themes

29. NEOCLASSICAL BAROQUE

30. NEOCLASSICAL BAROQUE

31. LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What effect did enlightenment philosophers have on government and society?