1. The Impact of Enlightenment
Do you think Enlightenment ideas affected the actions of European rulers at the time?
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2. Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary enlightened absolutism rococo
rigid
unique
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3. People and Places Frederick the Great Maria Theresa
Catherine the Great
Silesia
Balthasar Neumann
Antoine Watteau
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
Johann Sebastian Bach
George Handel
Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Mozart
Henry Fielding
Section 3-Key Terms

4. Enlightenment and Absolutism
Philosophes believed that, in order to reform society based on Enlightenment ideals, people should be governed by enlightened rulers.
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5. Enlightenment and Absolutism (cont.)
The idea of enlightened absolutism refers to the reaction of European rulers to the ideas spread by the Enlightenment.
When rulers tried to govern using Enlightenment ideas while maintaining their royal
In Prussia, King Frederick William maintained a highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers and doubled the size of the army. Many of the officers of the Prussian army were landholders and were very loyal to the king. Salvation from God.
Enlightened Absolutism
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6. Enlightenment and Absolutism (cont.)
Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great, was a well-educated and cultured monarch.
Frederick the Great enlarged the army, ended most torture, granted limited free speech and press, and religious tolerance. However, he did not end serfdom or change the rigid social structure of Prussia.
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7. Enlightenment and Absolutism (cont.)
Maria Theresa took control of the Austrian Empire in While she was not open to the Enlightenment ideas, she did work to improve the lives of the serfs.
Her son, Joseph II, attempted reform by freeing the serfs, enacting religious tolerance, and abolishing the death penalty.
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8. Enlightenment and Absolutism (cont.)
The reforms of Joseph II were unpopular with the Austrian nobles and the Catholic Church, and most of his reforms were undone by his successors.
In Russia, Catherine the Great ruled from 1762 to She was familiar with works of the philosophes and seemed to favor enlightened reforms.
considered the idea of a new law that would recognize the equality of all people in the eyes of the law – never enforced
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9. Enlightenment and Absolutism (cont.)
After consideration of these ideas, Catherine determined that the reforms would upset the nobility too much and ended a peasant revolt without freeing the serfs.
While the enlightened absolutist monarchs of the eighteenth century spoke about reforms, they were primarily interested in using their power to collect taxes to build armies, wage wars, and gain more power.
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10. The Seven Years’ War
The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) became global as new alliances were formed and as war broke out in Europe, India, and North America.
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11. The Seven Years’ War (cont.)
After the Austrian emperor Charles VI died in 1740, Frederick II of Prussia invaded Austrian Silesia, beginning the Austrian War of Succession (1740–1748).
France seized Madras and the Austrian Netherlands, while Britain seized Louisbourg in North America. In 1748, a treaty returned all of the land except Silesia.
The refusal of Prussia to return Silesia to Austria set the stage for the Seven Years’ War (1754–1763.)
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12. The Seven Years’ War (cont.)
War in Europe:
France, Austria, and Russia allied against Prussia and Great Britain.
Frederick II of Prussia fought against the French, Austrian, and Russian forces.
Prussia faced defeat until sympathetic Peter III of Russia withdrew Russian forces and the war became a stalemate.
The Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763
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13. The Seven Years’ War (cont.)
All territories were returned except for Silesia, which Prussia kept.
War in India:
British forces defeated the French, forcing France to relinquish all claims in India to Great Britain.
The Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763
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14. The Seven Years’ War (cont.)
War in North America:
France controlled Canada, the Ohio River Valley, the Mississippi River, and Louisiana but all were thinly populated.
France had support from the Native Americans.
The French and Indian War, 1754–1763
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15. The Seven Years’ War (cont.)
Great Britain had established colonies along the eastern seaboard of North America and had an advantage in population.
Despite initial victories on land, the French navy was defeated and the war turned in Britain’s favor.
The French and Indian War, 1754–1763
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16. The Seven Years’ War (cont.)
The Treaty of Paris (1763) granted the French Canada, the lands up to the Mississippi, and Spanish Florida to Britain, and Spain received Louisiana.
The French and Indian War, 1754–1763
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17. Enlightenment and Arts
The eighteenth century was a great period in the history of European architecture, art, music, and literature.
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18. Enlightenment and Arts (cont.)
Many European rulers emulated Louis XIV and his palace at Versailles by building grand palaces.
Balthasar Neumann, one of the greatest architects of the time, masterfully integrated secular and religious characteristics in his buildings.
In art, rococo became the most popular style. Rococo was very secular and emphasized charm, grace, and gentle action.
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19. Enlightenment and Arts (cont.)
Antoine Watteau painted elegant scenes of upper-class gentlemen and women living a life of pleasure and joy.
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo painted frescos of vivid pastels and airy scenes that adorn the walls of churches and palaces.
Two of the greatest composers of all time, Bach and Handel, perfected the baroque musical style.
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20. Enlightenment and Arts (cont.)
Franz Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart were innovators who wrote classical music.
In literature, Henry Fielding wrote novels about people without morals who survive on their wit. His characters reflect real types of people in eighteenth-century England.
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21. Section 3-End

22. enlightened absolutism
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers
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23. rococo
an artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action
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