1. The Circulatory System
Quiz: 5/16

2. Function: Transports nutrients & wastes
Contains cells that fight infections
Helps maintain body temperature by transporting heat

3. The Circulatory System
All organisms must be able to transport
nutrients and wastes. Smaller organisms
rely on _________ for this movement; humans require an organized circulatory system for the movement of substances
through the body. We have a _______
circulatory system, which means our blood is __________________. The human circulatory system includes the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood.
diffusion
closed
contained in vessels

4. I. THE HEART (pp. 943-946) ADD TO NOTES
The heart itself is mostly composed of ________ muscle which forms a thick layer of tissue known as the ____________. Humans have a __ chambered heart, divided by a __________ into right and left sides to prevent
cardiac
myocardium 4
septum
Mixing of blood

5. A. Structure ADD TO NOTES
1. Chambers a. Atria (atrium = singular) _______ chambers of the heart that ________ blood. b. Ventricles - _______ chambers of the heart that ________ blood. 2. Valves – Flaps of tissue that keep blood flowing _________________
Upper
receive
lower
pump
in one direction

6. B. Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
____________________________________________________________________________________ ADD TO NOTES
vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lung
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
body

7. C. Circulatory Pathways
1. Pulmonary Circulation – The blood entering the right atrium from the body is ____ in oxygen and _____ in carbon dioxide. The flow of blood from the right side of the heart to the _____ and back to the heart is referred to as ___________ circulation.
low
high
lungs
pulmonary

8. C. Circulatory Pathways
2. Systemic Circulation – The blood entering the left atrium from the lungs is _____ in O2 and _____ in CO2. The flow of blood from the left side of the heart to the ______ and back to the heart is referred to as __________ circulation.
high
low
body
systemic

10. D. The Heartbeat
1. Stimulus for Contraction Although the brain can change the rate & force of contraction, the heart generates and maintains its own beat. There is a small cluster of cardiac muscle cells in the ______________ referred to as the __________. They trigger an ___________ impulse that stimulates the contraction of cardiac muscle cells.
right atrium
pacemaker
electrical

11. The Sinoatrial Node Contraction of Atria Contraction of Ventricles
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Conducting fibers
Atrioventricular (AV) node

12. D. The Heartbeat
2. The Pulse The powerful contraction of the _________ causes a surge of blood to leave through the _____. This surging action of the blood continues into the ______ that branch off from the aorta. Each contraction of the left ventricle results in another surge of blood in the arteries leading away from the heart. This surge can be felt and is known as the _____.
left ventricle
aorta
arteries
pulse

13. Blood Vessels & Blood

15. Blood Vessels Arteries carry blood _____from heart
carry oxygen ____blood (except for__________)
Have thick elastic walls surrounded by _____muscle
____is the largest artery in the body
away
rich
pulmonary
smooth
Aorta

17. Blood Vessels Capillaries ________ blood vessels
Walls are only 1 cell thick
This is where the exchange of ______ & _____ takes place
smallest
nutrients
waste

18. Blood Vessels Veins Collect blood and carry it _____ to the heart back
Carry oxygen _______ blood (except for _____________ veins)
Have thinner and less elastic walls
Have _______to keep blood flowing to heart and not _________
Contraction of _________ muscles help to move blood toward the heart
The ____________is the largest vein in the body
back
poor
pulmonary
valves
backwards
skeletal
vena cava

19. Artery vs. Vein

20. Blood Pressure: the force of blood on the walls of the arteries
Falls when the heart ______
Heart is always under pressure in order to keep blood flowing through it
Regulated by autonomic nervous system
________ also regulate blood pressure by controlling amount of water in blood- when blood pressure is high, more water is__________; this reduces blood volume
relaxes
Kidneys
removed

21. Blood Pressure Blood against the blood vessel’s walls
The systolic pressure refers to
the pressure recorded while the ventricles pump the blood.
The diastolic pressure refers to
the pressure recorded as the ventricles fill with blood.
A normal blood pressure is 120/80

22. Blood Pressure High blood pressure forces heart to ___________
people more likely to develop heart disease
obesity is one cause
controlled by weight control, exercise, and diet
work harder

23. Blood Makes up 8% of body –____ to___ liters Components of blood 6 4
45% = ____ blood cells, ______ blood cells and platelets
55% = plasma
mostly ________- 90%
contains salts, sugars, and plasma proteins 6 4
red
white
water

24. What does blood contain?
50% Water
45% Erythrocytes
4% Plasma with Substances
1% Leukocytes +
Platelets

25. Blood Plasma proteins Red blood cells- erythrocyte- RBC infection
Several types of proteins that fight__________, regulate osmotic pressure & help blood ____________
Red blood cells- erythrocyte- RBC
contain ________________- iron containing protein that increases ___________ carrying ability of RBC’s
produced in ______bone marrow
mature RBC’s have no nucleus so can’t divide
live about 120 days – when they die they are destroyed & recycled by spleen
infection
clotting
hemoglobin
oxygen
red

26. Blood White blood cells – leukocytes- WBC Platelets infections
fewer in numbers than RBC
produced in bone marrow
live for many months or years
more than 20 different types
guard against________________, fight_______________, and attack ________________
an increase in the number of WBC’s is an indication the body is fighting an _____________________
Platelets
fragments of cells
when blood vessel is injured, platelets become sticky; they cluster around the wound and release a series of chemicals that start a clotting reaction
a protein called __________forms a net that traps RBCs and forms a ______
infections
pathogens
bacteria
infection
fibrin
clot

28. Blood Clotting Break in Capillary Wall Blood vessels injured.
Clumping of Platelets
Platelets clump at the site and release thromboplastin. Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin..
Clot Forms
Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which causes a clot. The clot prevents further loss of blood..

29. DISORDERS ATHEROSCLEROSIS Fatty deposits called plaque
Builds up in walls of arteries
Obstructs flow
Also a risk if clot breaks free and blocks flow elsewhere

30. Disorders (cont) Heart Attack Atherosclerosis in coronary artery
Heart muscle begins to die
Symptoms
Nausea
Shortness of breath
Severe chest pain
IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION NECESSARY

31. Disorders Continued Anemia
Caused by either a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in RBCs. Less oxygen available for cells results in a lack of energy due to decreased ATP production.

32. Disorders (cont) Hypertension High blood pressure
Hearts works harder than necessary
Increases risk of heart attack or stroke

33. Disorders (cont) Stroke
Blood clot gets stuck in blood vessels leading to brain
Brain cells die due to lack
of oxygen
Or blood vessel burst
Can lead to paralysis,
loss of ability to speak
death

34. The Respiratory System

35. The function of the respiratory system is to bring about the exchange of _O2__ and _CO2___.

36. _Pharynx_____ - Upper throat
A. Airway to the Lungs
_Nasal Cavity______ - Begin the process of warming, filtering, moisturizing the air
_Pharynx_____ - Upper throat
_Larynx____ - Also known as the voicebox. Bands of tissue that tighten and vibrate to create sound when air passes through.
Attached to the larynx is a flap of tissue called the _epiglottis_____. The epiglottis closes when food is swallowed to prevent food from entering the _respiratory___ tract.

37. _Trachea___ - Airway supported by bands of _cartilage_______ to prevent it from _collapsing_____ when air passes in and out
_Bronchi_________ - Trachea divides into two tubes leading to each _lung_____
Trachea and bronchi are lined with _cilia____ and cells that secrete _mucus_____. The mucus traps _pathogens____ and other contaminants. The cilia beat _upwards__ to sweep contaminants toward the _pharynx_____.

38. B. Inside the Lungs
_Bronchioles_____ - Smaller branches leading from bronchi. Contain _smooth____ muscle tissue to facilitate air flow.
_Alveoli__________ - The bronchioles end in millions of tiny sacs called alveoli. Site for the exchange of _O2___ and _CO2____. Each alveolus is surrounded by a _capillary_______ to allow _ O2____ to _diffuse____ from the lung to the blood to be delivered to cells for _cellular respiration___ and _ CO2____ to diffuse from the blood to the lung to be exhaled.

39. C. Pathway of Air
Nasal cavity  pharynx  larynx  trachea bronchi  bronchiole  alveoli

40. Breathing
A. Inhalation & Exhalation - Breathing is a _passive___ response to a change in _pressure_______
in the chest cavity. Although there are no _muscles____ attached to the lungs, the change in
pressure is caused by the contraction of muscles involved in breathing.
Diaphragm – Dome-shaped muscle located below (but not attached to!) the _lung_____. When the diaphragm _contracts_______, it flattens which _increases_____ the volume of the chest cavity and _decreases____ the pressure. Air rushes into the lungs.

41. Intercostal Muscles – Also contract to further _increase_____ volume of chest cavity
As the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, volume of the chest cavity _decreases___, and the _elasticity_______ of the lungs help force the air back out.
B. Control of Breathing
Breathing is controlled by the _medulla oblongata__, which is monitoring the concentration of
_CO2____ in the blood.

42. Diseases of the Respiratory System
Emphysema – Progressive disease in which _alveoli_______ lose their elasticity Affected individuals cannot fully exhale which reduces ability to inhale. O2 and CO2 do not diffuse properly. All _smokers________ eventually develop emphysema.
Asthma – Allergic reaction that affects _smooth______ muscles of _bronchioles_______ They _constrict______ which prevents airflow into the _alveoli_____. Gas exchange is reduced.

44. Smoking – Three dangerous substances found in cigarette smoke are nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar.
Nicotine – stimulant that increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels; _increases______ blood pressure.
Carbon monoxide – binds to _hemoglobin____; reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of _hemoglobin_____ blood cells. Also, combination of nicotine & CO paralyzes _cilia____ lining respiratory tract resulting in frequent respiratory _infections__________.
Tar – carcinogen; smokers have a much higher incidence of lung cancer.