1. FATTY ACIDS omeg3 & 6

4. Fatty Acids ……… DEFINITION
Fatty acid: a long, unbranched chain carboxylic acid, most commonly of carbons, derived from hydrolysis of animal fats, vegetable oils, or phosphodiacylglycerols of biological membranes

6. Fatty acids - are components of triacylglycerols, sphingolipids and
glycerophospholipids,
Fatty acids differ from one another in:
(1) Length of the hydrocarbon tails
(2) Degree of unsaturation (double bond)
(3) Position of the double bonds in the chain
Prentice Hall c2002
Chapter 9
Fig 9.2

7. Omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9
Long Chain Fatty Acids are typically even numbered
SATURATED no C-C double bonds
UNSATURATED - at least one C-C double bond
Monounsaturated - only one C-C double bond
Polyunsaturated - two or more C-C double bonds
Omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9

9. Omega-3: The Good Fat
While excessive fatty food intake can elevate cholesterol and triglyceride levels, not all fats are unhealthy. Omega-3 fatty acids may have significant benefits in lowering the risk of heart disease, the nation’s top killer. They may also protect against depression, dementia, cancer, and arthritis. Omega-3 fatty acids are found in higher amounts in salmon, walnuts, and spinach.

10. Omega-3 Supplements
If you don't care to eat fish, you can use omega-3 supplements. One gram per day is recommended for people with heart disease. Ask your doctor before starting, for high doses can interfere with some medicines or increase the risk of bleeding. Some people taking fish oil supplements notice a fishy taste and breath. Read the label, since the amounts of EPA, DHA, or ALA vary greatly.

11. Fig. 9.3 Structures of three C18 fatty acids
(a) Stearate (octadecanoate)
(b) Oleate (cis-D9-octadecenoate)
(c) Linolenate (all-cis-D9,12,15-octadecatrienoate)
The cis double bonds produce kinks in the tails of unsaturated fatty acids
Prentice Hall c2002
Chapter 9

12. Fatty Acids

13. Fatty Acids Among the fatty acids most abundant in plants and animals
nearly all have an even number of carbon atoms, most between 12 and 20, in an unbranched chain
the three most abundant are palmitic (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), and oleic acid (18:1)
in most unsaturated fatty acids, the cis isomer predominates; the trans isomer is rare
unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than their saturated counterparts; the greater the degree of unsaturation, the lower the melting point

14. Difference between Cis & Trans
If the acyl chains are on the same side of the bond, it is cis-, example: oleic acid.
if on opposite sides, it is trans-,  example: elaidic acid, the trans  isomer of oleic acid

15. Basically… “cis” means “same side,” which is the most common structure
Basically… “cis” means “same side,” which is the most common structure. But trans fats have the hydrogen atoms on opposite sides, which can be a problem.

16. Clinical Significance
Consumption of trans fatty acids  not good for health.
Previously in Margarine  Higher number of Trans FA.
Now soft margarine low in trans fatty acids or containing none at all.

17. Both observational studies and clinical trials have found that trans fats significantly increase your risk of heart disease.
It is possible that trans fats cause insulin resistance and drive type II diabetes, but the results from human studies are mixed.
Clinical trials and observational studies both indicate that trans fats increase inflammation, especially in people who are overweight or obese.
Several review studies have concluded that a moderate intake of ruminant trans fats does not appear to be harmful

18. Hydrogenation Plant Hydrogenation involves: Heating oil
Pressurizing oil
hydrogen gas
Using platinum catalyst
Trans fats are a by
product of hydrogenation
0 g trans fats does not
mean zero
It means <0.5 g per serving!

24. How Can Fatty Acids Modulate the Immune System?
Why do we need immune modulation in the first place?
Answer: Similar to avoid excessive, chronic inflammation which leads to tissue destruction.
FAs such as DHA and EPA can reduce production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12, IL-23)
FAs can increase phagocytic activity
FAs can decrease lymphocytic proliferation
FAs can influence immune cell migration