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Hematology and Circulatory System
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STRUCTURE Blood Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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BLOOD HEMAT- = blood -OLOGY = the study of The average adult has
8 – 10 pints. BLOOD 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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Blood One drop of blood contains: 5 million RBCs
250, ,000 platelets 7,500 WBCs Red blood cells live 120 days. Make new blood cells 2 million per second! Blood 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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Structures of the blood
Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes Structures of the blood 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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Plasma Straw-colored liquid Blood without cellular components
55% of the blood’s volume Water Plasma proteins Nutrients Electrolytes Hormones, vitamins, and enzymes Waste products Plasma Cellular elements 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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Plasma proteins Fibrinogen - Necessary for
blood clotting, synthesized in liver Albumin - From the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume Globulin Gamma globulin Prothrombin - helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis Plasma Cellular elements Plasma proteins 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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ERYTHROCYTES/RBC BICONCAVE DISK
HEMOGLOBIN - Gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein Transportation Oxygen Carbon dioxide Arterial blood Lots of oxygen Bright red Venous blood Lots of CO2 Dark crimson 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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LEUKOCYTES/WBC LARGER THAN ERYTHROCYTES FIVE TYPES LEUK/O/CYTES –
WHITE CELLS LEUKOCYTES/WBC 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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Agranulocytes-WITHOUT GRANULES
1. Lymphocytes- antibody production, cellular immune response 2.Monocytes- immune defense LEUKOCYTES 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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LEUKOCYTES Granulocytes- with granules PHAGOCYTOSIS
3.Neutrophils-immune response 4.Eosinophils-defense against parasites 5.Basophils-inflammatory response histamines release PHAGOCYTOSIS Process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria….used by granulocytes and monocytes LEUKOCYTES 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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THROMBOCYTES/PLATELETS
Smallest of solid components of blood Synthesized in red marrow Not cells, composed of fragments of cells Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process THROMBOCYTES/PLATELETS 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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BLOOD TYPES Inherited from parents
Determined by presence or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell BLOOD TYPES 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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Check your knowledge of medical history...
In 1901, the Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood may be grouped into four main types. Based on the reaction that resulted when blood from different individuals were mixed. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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BLOOD TYPES Someone with type A antigen has B antibodies
Someone with type B antigen has A antibodies Someone with type AB antigen has no antibodies Someone with type O antigen has A and B antibodies BLOOD TYPES 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells (antigen). Blood used in transfusions must match donors for Rh status as well as for ABO blood type. Although Rh factor doesn't affect the patient’s health, it can affect pregnancy. RH FACTOR 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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In 1940, the Rh factor was discovered as a result of studying Rhesus monkeys.
When blood from monkeys was injected into rabbits and guinea pigs, it clotted. RH FACTOR 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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BLOOD TYPE YOU TUBE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttjn1jVACk8
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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RH FACTOR If the blood has the protein, the patient is Rh positive.
If the blood lacks the protein, the patient is Rh negative. RH FACTOR 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
If the mom gets pregnant again with another Rh + positive, her anti Rh antibodies will attack the baby’s blood, causing ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS. RHO Gam will destroy any baby blood cells in the mom, & her immune system won’t produce antibodies. 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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HEART The heart is a double pump. It has valves and chambers.
Can you name some 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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HEART Aorta Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary vein Right atrium Left atrium Tricuspid valve Bicuspid (mitral) valve Inferior vena cava Pulmonary semilunar valve Right ventricle Left ventricle Septum Apex 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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LAYERS OF THE HEART Left atrium Right atrium Pericardium Myocardium
Endocardium Right ventricle Left ventricle 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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The transportation process
Compare Systemic Circulation To Cardiopulmonary Circulation The transportation process 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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The transportation process
Right side Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve Right Ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary artery Lungs CO2 and O exchange Left Side Pulmonary vein Left atrium Bicuspid valve Left ventricle Aortic valve Aorta Body (Schematic of systemic circulation) 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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Blood supply to the Heart – from CORONARY ARTERIES
Heart Sounds = lubb dupp
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ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF HEART CONTRACTIONS
1. SA (sino atrial) NODE = PACEMAKER Located in right atrium SA node sends out electrical impulse Impulse spreads over atria, making them contract Travels to AV Node 2. AV (atrio ventricular) NODE Conducting cell group between atria and ventricle Carries impulse to bundle of His
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BUNDLE OF HIS Conducting fibers in septum Divides into R and L branches to network of branches in ventricles PURKINJE FIBERS Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing ventricles to contract
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2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
AV bundle or Bundle of HIS 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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VESSELS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
ARTERIES Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries. BRIGHT RED Elastic, muscular and thick-walled Transport blood under very high pressure Arteries > arterioles > capillaries VESSELS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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VESSELS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
VEINS Carry deoxygenated blood away from capillaries to the heart (NO O2 JUST CO2) Veins contain a muscular layer, but less elastic and muscular than arteries Thin walled veins collapse easily when not filled with blood Veins have values that permit flow of blood only in direction of the heart Veins > Venules > Capillaries VESSELS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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STRUCTURES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CAPILLARIES The smallest blood vessels Connect arterioles to venules. One cell thick…made of endothelial tissue STRUCTURES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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BLOOD PRESSURE Surge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteries SYSTOLIC PRESSURE - measured during the contraction phase – (contraction phase of the heart is called systole) DIASTOLIC PRESSURE - measured when the ventricles are relaxed – (relaxation phase is called diastole) NORMAL- 120/80 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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PULSE - alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood flows through it. PULSE SITES: Brachial, Carotid, Radial, Popliteal, Pedal – NORMAL- 60 TO 80 PULSE SITES 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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COMMON PULSE SITES 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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DISORDERS ANEMIA Deficiency in number or % of red blood cells
IRON-DEFICENCY ANEMIA Usually in women, children and adolescents Deficiency of iron in the diet causing in sufficient hemoglobin synthesis Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables DISORDERS
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Symptoms – dyspnea, pallor, fatigue, & neurologic changes
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA Caused by deficiency of B12 or intrinsic factor (produced by stomach mucosa, necessary for absorption of B12) Symptoms – dyspnea, pallor, fatigue, & neurologic changes Treatment – injections of B12 APLASTIC ANEMIA Bone marrow does not produce enough red & white blood cells Caused by drugs or radiation therapy 2.01 Remember the structures of the circulatory system
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SICKLE CELL ANEMIA Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape Sickle cells break easily & carry less oxygen Occurs primarily in blacks Treatment – blood transfusion
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POLYCYTHEMIA Too many red blood cells are formed May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude EMBOLISM Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. That is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage Also known as a “moving blood clot” THROMBOSIS The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel The blood clot is a THROMBUS
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HEMATOMA Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture HEMOPHILIA Hereditary Missing clotting factor Blood clots slow or abnormally Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mother to sons Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma THROMBOCYTOPENIA Not enough platelets Blood will not clot properly
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LEUKEMIA Malignant condition Overproduction of immature white blood cells Hinders synthesis of red cells SEPTICEMIA Presence of pathogens or toxins in the blood
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Pus- cream colored liquid
Abscess- pus filed cavity Pyrexia- fever Leukocytosis-increase in white blood cell count (>10,000 per cubic centimeter) Edema-excessive fluid in tissues
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VARICOSE VEINS-swollen and
distended blood veins normally found superficially in the legs. CAUSE: excessive pressure on the veins. Pregnancy, obesity, long periods of standing. PREVENTION Wear sunscreen Elevate legs when resting Wear elastic support stockings Eating fiber diets Exercise Weight control 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA) /STROKE:
THROMBUS GETS STUCK IN ARTERY TO BRAIN 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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PULMONARY EDEMA- INCREASE IN FLUID IN THE LUNGS WHICH CAN RESULT IN DECREASE IN EXCHANGE IN O2 AND CO2 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
CAUSE: PLAQUE BUILDUP, DIABETES CAN CAUSE IT S/S: PAIN AND CRAMPING TX: CLEANING OUT PLAGUE 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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MYOCARDINAL INFARCTION/HEART ATTACK/MI
CAUSE: DECREASES HEART FLOW TO HEART TISSUE. S/S: INDIGESTION, HEAVY CRUSHING FEELING IN YOUR CHEST, PAIN IN YOUR LEFT ARM, ETC. TX: CPR, O2, PACEMAKER ETC.
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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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MURMURS BLOOD IS LEAKING BACKWARDS DUE TO A FAULTY HEART VALVE.
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HEART FAILURE/CHF CONGESTED HEART FAILURE
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART IS WORKING TWICE AS HARD TO PUSH THE BLOOD AROUND. EDEMA(SWELLING) FEEL LIKE YOU ARE BEING SUFFICATED/DROWNING 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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ANGINA PECTORIS/CHEST PAIN
LACK OF O2 TO THE HEART MUSCLE “WAKE UP CALL” NITROGLYCERIN/02 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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The cause of myeloma is unknown
SYMPTOMS: bruising, low blood counts, pain in you bones, Treatment: High dose chemotherapy stem cell infusion - called a stem cell transplant is often offered as a best way to control multiple myeloma for as long as possible. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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Arrhythmia- irregular heart rate BRADYCARDIA TACHYCARDIA
Slow heart rate (<60 beats per minute) TACHYCARDIA Rapid heart rate (>100 beats per minute) 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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artery hardening due to age ATHERIOSCLEROSIS
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS: artery hardening due to age ATHERIOSCLEROSIS due to smoking, heredity, stress and lifestyle 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE/CAD
CAUSED BY INSUFFICIENT BLOOD FLOW TO HEART CAUSED BY ATHEROSCLEROSIS. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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HYPERTENSION/high blood pressure
What factors influence the development of hypertension? Diet, sedentary lifestyle, genetics, smoking. Treatment: exercise, diet change , quit smoking, medication Why is it called the “silent killer?” Quit taking medication can cause a stroke or heart attack. 2.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the circulatory system
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