1. Nonrenewable Energy 17
CHAPTER
Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

2. Oil of Wilderness on Alaska’s North Slope?
Oil has been extracted from parts of Alaska’s North Slope since 1977.
The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) contains oil deposits but oil exploration has been forbidden.
In 1980, a region called the 1002 Area was designated for future decision making. Today, a debate rages as to whether oil drilling should be allowed.
Talk About It How might oil exploration in the 1002 Area affect the surrounding people and wilderness?

3. Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview
The United States has only 4.5% of the world’s population but uses 21.1% of the world’s energy.

4. What Is Energy? The ability to do work or cause a change
Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview
What Is Energy?
The ability to do work or cause a change
Kinetic energy: Due to motion
Potential energy: Due to an object’s position or shape

5. Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview
Forms of Energy I
Mechanical: Associated with the motion and position of an object; can be kinetic or potential
Electrical: Associated with electric charges; can be kinetic or potential
Thermal: Kinetic energy of atoms and molecules— the faster atoms and molecules move in an object, the warmer it becomes
Overhead transmission lines carry electrical current.

6. Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview
Forms of Energy II
Electromagnetic: Kinetic energy that travels as waves
Chemical: Potential energy stored in molecular bonds
Nuclear: Potential energy stored by forces that hold atomic nuclei together
Chemical energy is stored in food.

7. Energy Conversion and Efficiency
Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview
Energy Conversion and Efficiency
Energy cannot be destroyed; it can only be converted, or changed, from one form to another.
Energy efficiency is an expression of how much of the energy put into a system actually does useful work.
First Flight
The combustion of gasoline powered the first airplane as it flew over the beach in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903.

8. Energy Sources and Uses
Lesson 17.1 Energy: An Overview
Energy Sources and Uses
Energy Sources
Renewable: Nearly always available or replaceable in a relatively short time; includes sunlight, wind, flowing water, heat from Earth
Nonrenewable: Cannot be replaced in a reasonable time; includes fossil fuels and nuclear energy
Energy Use
Four uses of energy: Industrial, transportation, residential, commercial
Developed nations tend to use more energy than developing nations.
Wind power is a renewable energy source.

9. One quarter of global coal reserves are found in the United States.
Lesson Fossil Fuels
One quarter of global coal reserves are found in the United States.

10. Fossil Fuels Include coal, oil, and natural gas
Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels
Include coal, oil, and natural gas
Formed from the remains of organisms over millions of years
Different conditions produce different fossil fuels
A front loader piles coal at a steam station in Dunkirk, New York.

11. Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels
Coal
Formed from plant remains subjected to high heat and pressures over millions of years
Provides 1/4 of the world’s energy
Compared to other fossil fuels, coal is cheap, needs little processing, and is easy to transport.
How Coal Forms
Did You Know? Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on Earth.

12. Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels
Coal Mining
Strip mining: Overlying rock and soil are removed to access coal (safer for miners).
Subsurface mining: Underground shafts are dug to access coal under Earth’s surface.

13. Oil Dark, liquid fossil fuel made up mostly of hydrocarbons
Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels
Oil
Dark, liquid fossil fuel made up mostly of hydrocarbons
Formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms and found in underground deposits
Used in fuel for cars, trucks, planes, ships
Used in chemical compounds (petrochemicals)
Also know as petroleum

14. Drilling and Refining Oil
Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels
Drilling and Refining Oil
After crude oil is extracted from the ground, it is separated into different fuels in a refinery.
Primary extraction: Oil flows out of the well, because it is already under pressure.
Secondary extraction: Increased pressure or injections needed to remove oil

15. Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels
Natural Gas
Primarily methane gas with small amounts of other gases mixed in
Often found above oil or coal deposits
Much less polluting than coal or oil and releases more energy when combusted
Used for heating, appliances (stoves, dryers), and making electricity

16. Lesson 17.2 Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuel Supply
Consumption is still rising, but new fossil fuels do not form on a human timescale.
New oil sources—oil sands, oil shale, methane hydrates— are expensive, energy-intensive, and can be hazardous to obtain.
Coal sources are still relatively abundant, but not infinite.
Did You Know? Some studies suggest we have extracted nearly half Earth’s oil, and that U.S. coal supplies may last just 130 years.

17. Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use
The United States imports two thirds of its crude oil.

18. Pollution, Climate Change, and Public Health
Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use
Pollution, Climate Change, and Public Health
Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to global climate change.
When coal and oil burn, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released, which contribute to smog and acid deposition.
Oil spills, equipment ruptures, and oil in runoff pollute waterways, oceans, and coastal areas.
Coal-fired power plants release mercury, which harms human health. Crude oil contains trace amounts of lead and arsenic.
Did You Know? Coal-burning power plants cause 40% of mercury emissions due to human activity in the United States.

19. Gulf of Mexico Oil Well Explosions
Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use
Gulf of Mexico Oil Well Explosions
1979: Ixtoc I exploratory oil well
50 m below surface
Released 126 million gal oil; containment efforts took 9 months
What didn’t work: cap, siphoning, controlled burn, “top kill”
What did work: relief wells
2010: Deepwater Horizon oil well
1500 m below surface
Largest U.S. offshore oil breach as of 2010—21.2–33.5 million gal oil released during first 6 weeks, based on USGS rough estimates
Hundreds of miles of coastal habitats threatened
Methods tried: dome, cap, siphoning, controlled burns, “top kill,” “junk shot,” and relief wells
Controlled burns attempt to contain oil pumping into the Gulf, one month after the 2010 well blow-out.

20. Damage Caused by Extracting Fuels
Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use
Damage Caused by Extracting Fuels
Mining:
Humans risk lives and respiratory health.
Ecosystems are damaged by habitat destruction, extensive erosion, acid drainage, and heavy metal contamination downslope of mines.
Oil and gas extraction:
Roads and structures built to support drilling break up habitats and harm ecosystems.
The longterm consequences of accidents can be uncertain or unpredictable
Acid drainage from a coal mine

21. Dependence on Foreign Sources
Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use
Dependence on Foreign Sources
Fossil fuels are not evenly distributed over the globe, so some countries must import fuel sources.
Nations that import fuel may be vulnerable to changes in fuel prices set by suppliers.
Nations can import less fuel by developing domestic oil sources and renewable energy sources.

22. Lesson 17.3 Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use
Energy Conservation
Practice of reducing energy use to make fossil fuels last and to prevent environmental damage
Transportation: Gas-efficient cars and higher gas prices could help conserve energy in the U.S.
Personal choices: Individuals can save energy by turning off lights, taking public transit, and buying energy-efficient appliances.
Did You Know? Transportation accounts for 2/3 of U.S. oil consumption.

23. Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power
Scientists estimate that nuclear power helps us avoid emitting 600 million metric tons of carbon each year worldwide.

24. Nuclear Fission Splits an atomic nucleus into two smaller nuclei
Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power
Nuclear Fission
Splits an atomic nucleus into two smaller nuclei
Releases neutrons and large amounts of energy. If enough unstable nuclei are present, a nuclear chain reaction can occur.
Did You Know? About 20% of electricity produced in the United States comes from nuclear power.

25. Generating Electricity Using Nuclear Energy
Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power
Generating Electricity Using Nuclear Energy

26. Benefits and Costs of Nuclear Power
Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power
Benefits and Costs of Nuclear Power
Benefits
Costs
No air pollution
Expensive to build and maintain
Requires little uranium fuel and little mining
Catastrophic accidents are possible.
Under normal conditions, nuclear power plants are safer for workers than coal-burning power plants.
Nuclear waste must be stored for thousands of years.
Chernobyl

27. Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power
Nuclear Waste
Waste is currently held at power plants as a stopgap, but a long-term storage location is needed.
Long-term storage sites must be distant from population centers, protected from sabotage, have a deep water table, and be geologically stable.
Yucca Mountain, Nevada, was chosen by the U.S. government in the 1980s, and a storage site was constructed there. But, as of 2010, the Yucca Mountain project is no longer under development.
Yucca Mountain storage site

28. Nuclear Fusion Joining two atomic nuclei to form one nucleus
Lesson 17.4 Nuclear Power
Nuclear Fusion
Joining two atomic nuclei to form one nucleus
Releases much more energy than fission
Currently impractical because very high temperatures are needed, but scientists continue exploring fusion for our future energy needs